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Developmental Biology > 2. Concepts in Developmental Biology > Flashcards

2. Concepts in Developmental Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the concepts in developmental biology? There are eleven (11).

A
  1. Genomic Equivalence
  2. Amphibian Cloning
  3. Cell Differentiation
  4. Selective Gene Expression
  5. Selective Gene Amplification
  6. Embryonic Induction
  7. Morphogenesis
  8. Cell Proliferation
  9. Cell Migration
  10. Homeotic Genes and Homeobox Genes
  11. Modularity in Development
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2
Q

In the Genomic Equivalence, each cell in the body has the _____ genetic material. Therefore, all the information necessary to produce a complete organism.

A

same

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3
Q

It is the restriction of nuclear potency. Also an ultimate test of whether the nucleus of a differentiated cell has undergone any irreversible functional restriction is to have that nucleus generate every other type of differentiated cell in the body.

A

AMPHIBIAN CLONING

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4
Q

It is the total capacity of a cell to give rise to a complete embryo. It direct the entire development of the organism. True for cells in the early stages of development. What is this?

A

Totipotency

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5
Q

It is the ability to give rise to several types of cells, but not all. Also an incomplete embryo. What is this?

A

pluripotency

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6
Q

In Cloning Mammals, the mammary gland cell nucleus fused with an _________. What is this?

A

enucleated oocyte

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7
Q

It is implanted in a surrogate mother (different breed of sheep).

A

Cloning Mammals

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8
Q

It is the generation of cellular diversity. The process by which a cell becomes different in structure & function. Morphological & functional expression of a portion of the genome. Also a cell specialized in one or few synthetic pathways. What is this?

A

CELL DIFFERENTIATION

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9
Q

What are the processes of cell differentiation? There are three (3).

A
  1. Zygote
  2. Blastocyst
  3. Gastrula
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10
Q

In gastrula, what are the three primary germ layers?

A
  1. ectoderm
  2. mesoderm
  3. endoderm
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11
Q

In gastrula, what does ectoderm (external layer), produces? There are three (3).

A
  1. Skin Cells of Epidermis
  2. Neuron of Brain
  3. Pigment Cell
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12
Q

In gastrula, what does mesoderm (middle layer), produces? There are five (5).

A
  1. cardiac muscle
  2. skeletal muscle cells
  3. tubule cells of the kidney
  4. red blood cells
  5. smooth muscle (in gut)
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13
Q

In gastrula, what does endoderm (internal layer), produces? There are three (3).

A
  1. lung cell (alveolar cells)
  2. thyroid cells
  3. pancreatic cells
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14
Q

It is the differential gene expression. Here, genes are activated differently depending on time (phase of development) and space (specific cell). Lastly, it is the depression of certain genes at different times and in different cells. What is this?

A

SELECTIVE GENE EXPRESSION

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15
Q

(phase of development)

A

time

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16
Q

(specific cell)

A

space

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17
Q

It is the transient increase in the number of certain genes without mitosis. An adaptive response for meeting the synthetic requirements of the developing egg. During the early diplotene stage of meiosis, the nucleoli in the germinal vesicle are active in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA. The rRNA genes are duplicated many times and packaged into about 1,500 extra nucleoli beneath the nuclear membrane. What is this?

A

SELECTIVE GENE AMPLIFICATION

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18
Q

It is one of the most important varieties of embryonic signal calling. Here, the cells induce or influence adjacent cells to change its behavior. An embryonic tissue (inductor) —-> responding tissue. Then, the responding tissue must posses competence to be able to respond to the inducer. Lastly, it is the induction of neurulation and axis development by the notochord/ chordamesoderm. What is this?

A

EMBRYONIC INDUCTION

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19
Q

It is a set of processes that mold the internal and external configuration of an embryo. What is this?

A

MORPHOGENESIS

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20
Q

What are the pattern formation of Morphogenesis? There are six (6).

A
  1. spatial and temporal distribution or organization of differentiated cells.
  2. e.g. development of the arms-upper, lower & fingers
  3. takes place under tight genetic control
  4. is the laying down of the morphogenetic blueprint/ body plan.
  5. defining the main body axes
  6. change in form - is the realization of the plan
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21
Q

What are the examples of Morphogenesis? There are four (4).

A
  1. Limb formation
  2. Establishment of the fundamental axes
  3. Branching of ducts within the glands
  4. Formation of the loops and whorls of the fingers (fingerprints).
22
Q

What are the processes involved in morphogenesis? There are six (6).

A
  1. Cell proliferation
  2. Cell migration
  3. Cell aggregation/cell adhesion
  4. Secretion of extracellular substances
  5. Change in cell shape
  6. Localized cell death/apoptosis
23
Q

It is characterized by rapid cell divisions which results to the increase in number of cells. Mitotic divisions. What is this?

A

CELL PROLIFERATION

24
Q

It is the process wherein cells or group of cells move from one part of the embryo to another. It may involve short migrations of individual cell or massive dislocation of groups or sheets of cells over relatively great distance, and two of its examples are invagination & involution. What is this?

A

CELL MIGRATION

25
It is the programmed Cell Death
Apoptosis
26
These are the examples of? 1. resorption of the **tadpole tail** 2. separation of the **digits** in the embryonic hand and feet 3. selective cell death of **neurons** that leave specialized connections
APOPTOSIS
27
A set of genes that specify the **antero-posterior axis and segment** identity during the early stages of metazoan development. It is critical for the proper placement of certain embryonic structures like legs, antennae and eye. What is this?
HOMEOTIC GENES
28
It has a sequence of 180 base pairs which defines the Homeotic genes. It codes for the 61 amino acid protein known as HOMEODOMAIN. What is this?
Homeobox
29
Homeobox codes for the 61 amino acid protein known as?
HOMEODOMAIN
30
Many of the Homeobox genes found in _________ has also been found in vertebrates.
Drosophila melanogaster
31
These genes are expressed in highly specific sites and stages of development. What is this?
HOMEOBOX GENES
32
It is an example of a Homeobox Gene Complex. These genes are expressed along the **craniocaudal axis** of the body in the same way as they are arranged in the chromosome. What is this?
Hox genes
33
The mammalian Hox genes can be arranged into ____ clusters: These are Clusters A-D. Within a given cluster, there are ______ or **paralogous** group of genes.
four 13 subfamilies
34
These are arranged in strict order along their respective chromosomes, and transcribed in the same order from the 5’ end to the 3’ end. What is this?
Paralogous Chromosomes
35
Rosetta Stone of developmental biology.
Homeobox
36
It interpret the positional information along the antero posterior body axis. Both vertebrates & invertebrates have similar types, order of the genes in the chromosomes & pattern of expression. Diversity of body forms in animals may be due to: - vertebrates have four Hox gene clusters, invertebrates have one. - the way they interpret the expression of genes differ (time/space). - gene underwent duplication and divergence which lead to different functions of proteins. - neural crest cells are absent in invertebrates.
Hox Genes
37
**ORIGIN OF CHORDATE** It occurs through discrete & interacting modules (units) –Cells –T-O-S. What is this?
Modularity
38
**ORIGIN OF CHORDATE** * organisms are constructed of units that are parts of larger units. * Ex. – Cell lineage (ICM/Trophoblast), morphogenetic fields (eye/limb), organ rudiments of vertebrate & imaginal disc of invertebrates. * allows different parts of the body w/o interfering w/ other functions.
Modularity
39
These are types of modularity which allows different parts of the body without interfering with other functions. What are these? There are four (4).
1. Duplication 2. Divergence 3. Dissociation 4. Co-option
40
**ORIGIN OF CHORDATE** It allows the formation of redundant structures. What is this?
Duplication
41
**ORIGIN OF CHORDATE** It allows the structure to assume a new role. What is this?
Divergence
42
**ORIGIN OF CHORDATE** It involves heterochrony & allometry. What is this?
Dissociation
43
It is the retention of larval traits (salamander) due to heterochronic expression of certain genes & gene mutation in the induction competence system. What is this?
Heterochrony
44
It is the different parts of the organism grow at different rates. It may involve altering a target cells’ sensitivity to growth factors or altering the amounts of GF produced. What is this?
Allometry
45
It distinguish between vertebrates from protochordates and invertebrates. Protochordates have dorsal NT & notochord but no real “head”. What is this?
Neural crest cells
46
It is responsible for the development of face, skull and branchial arches. What is this?
Cranial NC
47
It allows for more efficient predation with sensory structures adjacent to the prey-capturing jaws. What is this?
Cephalization
48
It has one gene specify neuron OR antero-posterior axis in the larval stage. Also it has an enzyme in the liver or crystaline protein in the lens. What is this?
Co-option
49
In Co-option, these are the different forearms with new or different functions (flippers, arms). What is this?
Wings
50
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Developmental Biology (3 decks)

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