Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology & Immunology > 3. Fundamentals in Immunology > Flashcards

3. Fundamentals in Immunology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three layers of immune response?

A

Anatomical and physiological barriers
Innate responses
Adaptive responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A micro-organisms that causes disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name some anatomical and physiological barriers (Immune response)

A

Skin
Mucous
Stomach acid
Lysozyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Give some examples of Innate immune response

A

Mast cells
Recruitment of phagocytic cells
Complement cascade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do Mast Cells work in terms of innate immunity?

A

They cause changes in the blood vessel wall that make it ‘sticky and leaky’. This allows more fluids and proteins like complement to enter the tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does Recruitment of phagocytic cells work in terms in innate immunity?

A

Neutrophils and monocytes are recruited to engulf and kill the pathogen. The changes in the blood vessel (Mast cells) allows these cells to leave the blood and enter the tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Complement Cascade?

A

Complex system (cascade) of reactions that act in a sequential manner to trigger an immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do adaptive immune responses compare to innate immune responses?

A

Adaptive responses are slower, but more specific and more effective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does the immune system travel around the body?

A

Through the blood and lymph circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where do immune cells come from?

A

Immune cells (Leukocytes)(White blood cells) come from Hematopoietic stem cells, which are produced in the bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How are T cells made?

A

By maturation of Hematopoietic stem cells in the Thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How are B cells made?

A

By maturation of Hematopoietic stem cells in the Bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where are neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells derived from?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the different Leukocytes?

A

Granulocytes (Eosinophil, Basophil, Neutrophil)
Monocytes (Dendritic cell and Macrophage precursor)
Lymphocytes (B cells and T cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do Mast cells do?

A

Raise the alarm, release toxic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do Neutrophils do?

A

Release toxic molecules, engulf and kill bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Engulf and kill bacteria, alert the immune system of the presence of an infection tissue repair and wound healing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do dendritic cells do?

A

Engulf and kill bacteria/viruses, migrate to lymph node and activated adaptive responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do B cells do?

A

Secrete antibodies
Kill bacteria
Opsonise pathogens
Neutralise pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do Cytotoxic T cells do?

A

Kill viral infected cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do T helper cells do?

A

Provide cytokines and other stimulatory signals to B cells, Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes and macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a PAMP?

A

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the common features of PAMPs?

A

Not found in multicellular hosts
Present on numerous groups of pathogens
Not frequently mutated
Recognised by ‘Pattern Recognition Receptors’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Give some examples of PAMPs

A 
Double stranded RNA
Viral DNA
Glycoproteins
Bacterial DNA
Polysaccharides
Glycolipids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the stages of phagocytosis?

A 
Internalisation
Acidification
Lysosome fusion
Toxic contents
Pathogen death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Small soluble proteins (rapidly secreted by one cell after contact with specific antigen) that can alter the behaviour or properties of the cell itself or another cell

27
Q

What are chemokines?

A

Family of small cytokines that can promote chemotaxis

28
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus

29
Q

What are the two ways the complement proteins can be activated?

A

Classical pathway - antibody dependent, part of adaptive response
Alternative pathway - part of the immune response

30
Q

What is a Protein Kinase?

A

A kinase enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding a phosphate group to them.

31
Q

What are the two conventional T cells?

A

CD4 (MHC II)

CD8 (MHC I)

32
Q

What do conventional T cells do?

A

Recognise peptides present on MHC II or MHC I

33
Q

What are the different kinds of unconventional T cells?

A

Natural Killer T cell (NKT)
Mucosal Associated Invariant T cell (MAIT)
γδ T cell

34
Q

What do unconventional T cells do?

A

Recognise pathogen product on non-classical MHC molecules or as free antigens

35
Q

What are CD4 T cells?

A

Helper T cells

36
Q

What are CD8 T cells?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

37
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A catch-all term for the molecules that B or T cells recognise through their B cell receptor or T cell receptor

38
Q

Where are Natural Killer T cells found?

A

Found throughout the body

39
Q

Where are Mucosal-Associated Invariant T cells found?

A

Mainly found in mucosal sites (e.g. the gut)

40
Q

Where are γδ T cells found?

A

Often found in mucosal sites and in the skin

41
Q

What is Somatic Rearrangement?

A

An alteration of the DNA of a somatic cell that is inherited by its daughter cells

42
Q

Where is Somatic rearrangement often found?

A

In the assembly of B cell receptors and T cell receptors

43
Q

What are the key events in thymic development?

A

Commitment to T cell lineage
Generation of unique TCR molecules
Positive selection
Negative selection

44
Q

What is a thymocyte?

A

Hematopoietic progenitor cell

45
Q

What is positive T cell selection?

A

TCRs of mature T cells bind to self-antigens

46
Q

What is negative T cell selection?

A

Removal of T cells that recognise the body’s own proteins

47
Q

What do Natural Killer T cells do?

A

Kill infected cells

48
Q

What do Mucosal-Associated T cells do?

A

Amplify immune response

49
Q

What do γδ T cells do?

A

Amplify or regulate immune response

50
Q

What is the process of CD4 and CD8 T cell response?

A
  1. Pathogens infect tissues
  2. Activated DCs move to lymphoid organs carrying the pathogen
  3. DCs activate antigen specific T cells
  4. T cells proliferate
  5. T cells migrate out of the lymph node
  6. T cells migrate to infected tissues to clear infection
51
Q

What is an Afferent lymph node?

A

Where cells come in from the tissue (Arrive)

52
Q

What is an Efferent lymph node?

A

Where cells leave the lymph node (Exit)

53
Q

What happens in the paracortex of the lymph node?

A

DCs from the tissue meet CD4 and CD8 T cells

54
Q

What happens in the B cell follicles?

A

Germinal centres for here during immune responses

55
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

Act as messengers between the innate and adaptive immune systems. They process antigen material and present it on the cell surface to T cells

56
Q

What is a germinal center?

A

A site within secondary lymphoid organs where mature B cells proliferate, differentiate and mutate their antibody genes.

57
Q

What two key events do T cell activation lead?

A

Proliferation

Differentiation

58
Q

What are the three (continuous) signals required in T cell activation?

A

Peptide-MHC
Co stimulation
Cytokine Receptor

59
Q

What is the process in which T cells are activated by Dendritic cells?

A
  1. PRR triggering enhances phagocytosis
  2. Pathogens are digested inside endosomes
  3. MHc molecules inside endosomes meet pathogen-containing endosomes
  4. MHC molecules containing peptides from pathogen are presented on the cell surface
  5. PRR triggering causes the Dendritic cell to migrate from the tissue to the draining lymph node
  6. PRR triggering also causes the DC to express high levels of costimulatory molecules and make inflammatory cytokines
60
Q

Give some examples of Co-stimulation molecules

A

Peptide-MHC and TCR

CD80/CD86 and CD28

61
Q

How can T cells be stopped?

A

Ignorance
Presentation of antigen by resting DC
Regulatory T cells

62
Q

How does T cell ignorance occur?

A

T cells cannot access antigens in immune privileged sites

63
Q

How does presentation of antigen by resting DC stop a T cell?

A

T cells die or become non-functional if only activated by one signal

64
Q

What is Perforin?

A

Cytolytic protein found in granules of cytotoxic T cells and NKT’s. Pokes holes in the infected cell

Microbiology & Immunology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions