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Microbiology & Immunology > 1. Global Influence of Microbes > Flashcards

1. Global Influence of Microbes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Microbiology the study of?

A

The study of microscopic organisms, which includes self-sustaining and host reliant organisms.

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2
Q

Why do we culture bacteria to study them?

A

They are music easier to study when you have more to look at.

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3
Q

How do microbiomes contribute to our health?

A 
They contribute to;
Availability and uptake of nutrients
Resistance to disease
Regulation of immune responses
Generation and uptake of key dietary factors
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4
Q

What are the Phylum of ‘True’ Bacteria?

A 
Firmicutes
Actinobacteria
Proteobacteria
Deep branching gram negatives
Spirochetes
Verrucomicrobia
Deep branching thermophiles
Cyanobacteria
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5
Q

What effect do microbes have on Climate Change?

A

Fixation (reduction) of CO2

Increasing CO2, CH4 and N2O emmisions

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6
Q

Where is all O2 derived from?

A

Cyanobacteria or plants containing chloroplasts

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7
Q

What are cyanobacterial blooms?

A

Huge mat like structures of cyanobacteria, result of massive growth.

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8
Q

What are the 2 major concerns of cyanobacterial blooms?

A

Biochemical oxygen debt

By-products of growth

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9
Q

Why are plants so important?

A 
Main contributors of atmospheric oxygen
Food
Environment/wildlife
Maintenance of the support biosphere
Carbon storage
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10
Q

What defence to plants have against infection?

A

Immune system

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11
Q

What defence to plants have against insect attacks?

A

Hard/waxy surfaces
Toxins
Recruiting parasitoid insects

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12
Q

What defence to plants have against grazing?

A

Thorns
Silica granules in leaves
Small molecule toxins such as alkaloids

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13
Q

What are the different types of pathogens?

A 
Viruses
Bacteria
Oomycete
Fungus
Nematode
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14
Q

Give an example of a plant virus

A

Tobacco mosaic virus

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15
Q

Give an example of a plant bacteria

A

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

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16
Q

Give an example of a plant oomycete

A

Potato blight

17
Q

Give an example of a plant fungus

A

Dutch elm and ash dieback diseases

18
Q

Give an example of a plant nematode

A

Potato cyst nematode

19
Q

What are the health risks of animal pathogens?

A

Dead animals/people
Poorly developed animals
Food-borne illness
Endemic disease

20
Q

What are the economic risks of animal pathogens?

A

Diagnostics
Vaccines and medicine
Market disruptions
Productivity losses

21
Q

What is a retrovirus?

A

Type of RNA virus that inserts a copy of its genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell.

22
Q

Is a normal retrovirus single or double stranded?

A

Single stranded

23
Q

What percentage of cancers are viruses associated with?

A

~15%

24
Q

What viruses are associated with cancer?

A

Retroviruses
Herpesviruses
Papillomaviruses
Hepatitis viruses

25
Q

What kinds of products can be obtained from industrial microbiology?

A

Pharmaceutical products
Speciality chemicals and food additives
Commodity chemicals
Alcoholic beverages

26
Q

When are primary metabolites produced?

A

During exponential growth phase

27
Q

When are secondary metabolites formed?

A

Near the end of the growth phase

28
Q

What are the ideal properties for a useful microorganism?

A 
Large-scale growth
Spore or reproductive cell form
Rapid growth and production
Bulk quantities available for cheap
Non-pathogenic
29
Q

What are the three main microbes used in bio-terrorism?

A

Bacillus Anthracis
Burkhol4deria mallei
Salmonella Typhtimurium

30
Q

What makes a good BW agent?

A 
Infectivity
Casualty effectiveness
Resistance
Availability
Means of transmission

Microbiology & Immunology (3 decks)

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