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Microbiology & Immunology > 2. Fundamentals in Microbiology > Flashcards

2. Fundamentals in Microbiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the usual characteristics of bacteria?

A

Commonly have 1 circular plasmid
Generally only have 1 chromosome
Operons
Contain Nucleoids

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2
Q

What are the usual characteristics of bacterial chromosomes?

A

Have housekeeping genes

Continuous coding regions (no introns)

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3
Q

What are pathogenicity islands?

A

Large clusters of genes that code for factors associated with virulence

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4
Q

What factors are associated with virulence?

A

Attachment to host cells

Secretion of virulence factors

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5
Q

What are main mechanisms used by bacteria to acquire new traits?

A

Genetic rearrangement
Natural transformation
Conjugation
Transduction

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6
Q

What is genetic rearrangement?

A

Point mutations; insertion, deletion, inversion, reversion

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7
Q

What is natural transformation?

A

Uptake and incorporation of nake DNA

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8
Q

What is conjugation?

A

Genetic exchange between bacteria

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9
Q

What is transduction?

A

Exchange occurs as consequence of phage predation

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10
Q

Why are bacterial plasmids so useful in a lab?

A

Expression of proteins
Sequencing DNA
Stability
Transferring information

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11
Q

What are the useful outcomes of sequencing microbes?

A

Gene prediction
Understanding genomic structure
Diagnostics
Microbiome studies

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12
Q

What is a sigma factor?

A

A protein needed for initiation of transcription in bacteria. (Transcription factor)

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13
Q

What is an operon?

A

A group of genes clustered together, coding for related genes

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14
Q

What is induction?

A

The ability of one cell or tissues to direct the development of neighbouring cells or tissues

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15
Q

What is repression?

A

Switching off the expression of a gene or a group of genes in response to a chemical or other stimulus

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16
Q

What is positive transcriptional control?

A

Promotion of transcription initiation

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17
Q

What is negative transcriptional control?

A

Repression of transcriptional initiation

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18
Q

What is Transcriptomics?

A

The techniques used to study an organism’s transcriptome

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19
Q

What is a transcriptome?

A

All RNA molecules in a cell, or a population of cells

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20
Q

What is a virus?

A

An infections, obligate intracellular entity comprising genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes an envelope.

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21
Q

Where can viruses replicate?

A

Viruses can only replicate in the living cells of a host

22
Q

What is a Virion?

A

An entire virus particle , it is the extracellular form of a virus (e.g. a carrier)

23
Q

What does a virion consist of?

A

Outer protein shell called a Capsid.

Inner core of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA)

24
Q

Virus capsids are always symmetrical, what are the two primary shapes of a capsid?

A

Spherical

Rod-like (helical)

25
Q

What is the Baltimore classification?

A

System that groups viruses into families, depending on their type of genome and their method of replication

26
Q

What is a virus envelope?

A

A lipid bilayer than contains virus proteins important for infecting other cells

27
Q

What are the general steps of virus replication?

A 
Attachment
Entry
Synthesis
Assembly
Release
28
Q

What is a Bacteriophage?

A

A virus that targets bacteria

29
Q

What is the purpose of a Cell Membrane?

A

Subdivision of compartments
Prevents cytoplasmic leakage
Selective transport of molecules

30
Q

What is the purpose of a Cell Wall?

A

Protection from osmotic stress
Maintenance of shape
Structural support

31
Q

What do cell walls and cell membranes achieve together?

A

Separating self from non-self

32
Q

What can membrane strengthening achieve?

A

Enables organisms to survive environmental stresses by reinforcing the membrane

33
Q

What can be used to reinforce the cell membrane in eukaryotes?

A

Cholesterol

34
Q

What can be used to reinforce the cell membrane in prokaryotes?

A

Hopene

35
Q

Where can integral membrane proteins be found?

A

Embedded within the lipid bilayer

36
Q

Where can peripheral membranes be found?

A

Located on either surface of the bilayer

37
Q

What does a Gram Positive cell wall contain

A

Peptidoglycan

Cytoplasmic

38
Q

What does a Gram Negative cell wall contain?

A

Peptidoglycan
Cytoplasmic membrane
Outer membrane

39
Q

Name some surface appendages found on cells

A

Flagella

Fimbriae

40
Q

What is an anabolic pathway?

A

Energy consuming or biosynthetic pathway

41
Q

What is a catabolic pathway?

A

Energy releasing or degradative pathway

42
Q

What are the energy sources for metabolism?

A

Chemotrophy

Phototrophy

43
Q

What is a Chemolithotroph?

A

The obtain their energy from oxidation of compounds such as sulphide/ammonia.
Use CO2 as a carbon source.
Autotroph

44
Q

What is a Phototroph?

A

Use plant-like photosynthesis.
Produce and release oxygen.
Autotroph

45
Q

What is a Chemoorganotroph?

A

Energy from organic compounds such as glucose.
Uses sugars, fats and proteins as carbon source.
Heterotroph

46
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain in Aerobic Respiration?

A

Oxygen

47
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain in Anaerobic respiration?

A

Exogenous acceptors such as NO3, SO4, CO2 or Fe

48
Q

What is a selective media?

A

Is used to grow and isolate a specific type of microorganism by suppressing the growth of other microorganisms

49
Q

What is a differential media?

A

Is used to visually distinguish microorganisms from one another

50
Q

Name some molecular diagnostic tests

A

PCR
Real-time-quantitative PCR
Sequencing Ribosomal RNA genes
Whole genome sequencing

Microbiology & Immunology (3 decks)

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