3: From Republic to Restored and Limited Monarchy, 1649-1678

Question 1

1) Name 4 reasons why Charles 1 was executed in 1649?
(4points)

Answer 1

• Engagement + Second Civil War
• Pride’s Purge
• Charles’ refusal to sign negotiated agreements
• Radicalization of army + middling sort

Question 2

2) Which Leveller Mutiny did Cromwell and Fairfax put
down in May 1649?

Answer 2

Burford

Question 3

3) Name two acts passed by the new Republic in 1650 to
ensure allegiance to the new Republic/Commonwealth?

Answer 3

• Engagement Act
• Treason Act

Question 4

4) Which two institutions were abolished by the new Republic at the start of 1649?

Answer 4

• Monarchy
• HOL

Question 5

5) Name 3 significant victories in the NMA/Cromwell’s
campaigns in Ireland (1649) and Scotland (1650-1651)?

Answer 5

• Wexford and Drogheda
• Dunbar 1650
• Worcester 1651

Question 6

6) Which Act was passed in 1651 which contributed both to
England’s long-term financial and naval improvement and
to the first Anglo-Dutch War of 1652-1654?

Answer 6

Navigation Act

Question 7

7) Name 4 reasons why Cromwell and the army dissolved the
Rump in 1653?

Answer 7

• Too conservative in religion (Blasphemy Act 1650)
• Self-seeking (avoiding elections)
• They failed to achieve significant legal and constitutional reform
• They were moving against the army

Question 8

8) Why did the Nominated Assembly dissolve itself in 1653?

Answer 8

Fear that the millenarians and radicals (i.e. Barebones) were
attacking tithes and Church structures (divisions)

Question 9

9) What was England’s first and only written constitution
which came into force in 1653?

Answer 9

Instrument of Government

Question 10

10) Name two religious radicals persecuted by the Protectorate Parliaments

Answer 10

• Biddle 1654
• Naylor 1656

Question 11

11) Name three reasons why the Major-Generals 1655-1657
were unpopular?

Answer 11

• Army unpopular (tax burden)
• Low social origins (i.e. James Berry – clerk in Iron Works – MG of Wales)
• Puritanism
• Interfered with traditional local rule of gentry and landowners
• Decimation Tax used to fund them was heavy on former royalists

Question 12

12) Which new powers were granted to the Lord Protector in
the Humble Petition and Advice in 1657?

Answer 12

Could nominate his own successor

Question 13

13) Which two royalist risings did the Commonwealth defeat in 1655 and 1659?

Answer 13

Penruddock’s Rising and Booth’s Rising

Question 14

14) Why did Monck march on London to restore the Rump
Parliament in 1660? (at least 3 reasons)

Answer 14

• Economic dislocation
• Dislike of army rule (Committee of Safety)
• Return of radical pamphleteering
• Desire for stability or return of the Stuarts

Question 15

15) What promises did Charles make in the Declaration of
Breda in 1660? (name at least two)

Answer 15

Liberty to Tender Consciences, Work with parliament, not
persecute all those who played a role in Civil Wars

Question 16

16) Why was Charles unable to rule with parliament despite the Cavalier parliaments royalist sentiments?

Answer 16

• Insufficient funds (ordinary revenue below the £1.2m granted)
• Triennial Act of 1641 remained in place (then changed in 1664)
• Charles had promised to work with his parliaments

Question 17

17) Name at least 3 reasons why opposition to the Crown
resulted in the fall of Clarendon in 1667?

Answer 17

• Failure in Anglo-Dutch War (Disaster on Medway)
• Dislike of Charles’ Catholic brother and Charles’ attempt to pass through some minimal religious toleration
• Criticism of dissolute nature of court
• Crisis of Great Fire and Plague

Question 18

18) Name the key ministers in the CABAL (5 marks)

Answer 18

Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley Cooper, Lauderdale

Question 19

19) Why did Danby fail in his mission to build up a Court Party
and ensure that Charles’ policies were more palatable to the
political nation? (min. 2 points)

Answer 19

Charles negotiated new subsidy from Louis XIV of £112K in
1675
Danby’s use of pensions (bribes) and attempt to close the
Coffee Houses was resented by parliament

Question 20

20) How did the constitutional ideas of Whigs and Tories
differ? (2 points)

Answer 20

Whigs believed in ‘social contract’ and limited monarchy and
Tories believed in Divine Right and non-resistance

Question 21

21) How would Marxist historians argue that the restored
monarchy of 1660 was different to the monarchy under
Charles I?

Answer 21

Retention of 1641 legislation, Parliament invites
King back (rather than vice-versa), symbolic value of
regicide despite conservative restoration, inability to restore
true hegemony of church etc…

Question 22

22) How would some revisionist historians challenge the notion that there was an English Revolution between 1642 and
1660?

Answer 22

Suggests that the political nation were very
conservative because of the experience of puritan rule and
therefore gave King back power and loyalty