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Neuro Pt. 2 > 3 Encephalopathy and Seizures: Diagnosis and Managment > Flashcards

3 Encephalopathy and Seizures: Diagnosis and Managment Flashcards

1
Q

What is the forebrain comprised of

A

Cerebrum and diencephalon

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2
Q

Main indicator that something is wrong with animal’s forebrain

A

personality change

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3
Q

Unique symptoms of change in the forebrain

A

Blindness
Seizures
Circling

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4
Q

Definition of encephalopathy

A

Brain dysfunction

Non-specific

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5
Q

Extra cranial liver causes of encephalopathy

A

portosystemic shunt

liver failure

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6
Q

Signalment for portosystemic shunt encephalopathy

A

Little young dog

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7
Q

Other causes of extracranial causes of encephalopathy

A

Toxins
Insulinoma causing hypoglycemia and seizures
Vascular

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8
Q

Intercranial causes of encephalopathy

A

Neoplastic
Inflammatory disease
Trauma
Less likely - infectious

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9
Q

Head pressing usually neurolocalizes to

A

Forebrain

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10
Q

What tests do you run if you’re worried a dog has cirrhosis

A

Bile acids

Ammonia

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11
Q

What will an ammonia test tell you

A

If normal will not rule out liver disease

Will tell you if current dysfunction is due to the liver.

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12
Q

What would cause an increased ammonia with strange behavior

A

Hepatic encephalopathy

if normal ammonia, not a rule out

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13
Q

Purpose of imaging a dog with suspected hepatic encephalopathy

A

Look for shunts

Size of liver

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14
Q

What test do you do to determine condition of the liver

A

Biopsy

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15
Q

Initial treatment for a dog with suspected hepatic encephalopathy

A

Lactulose, denamerian, low protein diet, +/- antibiotic (for gut flora, metronidazole)

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16
Q

Do you treat patients that are having seizure due to hepatic encephalopathy

A

Not usually

treat underlying disease

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17
Q

Best way to diagnose hydrocephalus

A

Ultrasound the head

Black fluid all around brain

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18
Q

Characteristics of congenital hydrocephalus

A

Malformation of the ventricular system
Irreversible
Can prevent deterioration

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19
Q

Main cause of acquired hydrcephalus

A

tumor

Inflammatory diseases

20
Q

Treatment for hydrocephalus

A

Reduce CSF production

21
Q

Medications that reduce CSF production

A

Omeprazole
Prednisone - antiinflammatory dose
Acetazolamide - dont use commonly, will mess with renal function

22
Q

What can you do if medical managment fails to reduce CSF production

A

Place a shunt

23
Q

Emergency treatment to reduce CSF production

A

Mannitol

Hypertonic saline

24
Q

Seizure classifications

A

Generalized
Partial
Psychomotor

25
Q

Types of generalized seizures

A

Grand mal

Tonic-clonic

26
Q

Partial seizures

A

Focal motor seizures

Jacksonian march

27
Q

Psychomotor seizures

A

Fly biting
running fits
RAAMMPPAAGGGEEE (rage)

28
Q

Petit mal characteristics

A

Mild generalized seizure
Brief loss of muscle tone
Ataxic
Episodic weakness

29
Q

What type of seizure has sensory and motor components, is a complex partial seizure, or a behavioral seizure. Usually comes from the temporal lobe and limbic system. Emotion

A

psychomotor seizure

30
Q

Cluster seizures

A

> 2 seizures in 24 hours
Normalcy in between episodes
Reliable pattern
Require multiple medications

31
Q

Status epilepticus

A

Rapidly recurring seizures with incomplete recovery between episodes

32
Q

Characteristics of status epilepticus

A 
large breed dogs
Toxins
Metabolic
Sudden drug withdrawal 
Progressive disease
33
Q

Tumors that may cause seizures

A 
Nasal tumor
HSA
Melanoma - metastasize 
LSA
OSA
34
Q

Shunt breeds

A

Pug
Yorkie
Pom

35
Q

Vascular breeds

A

King Charles
Greyhound
Cats

36
Q

Differentials for intracranial vascular seizures

A

Ischemic vs hemorrhagic infarction
Thromboembolus
Hemorrhage

37
Q

Differentials for intracranial infectious seizures

A

Crypto, rabies
Distemper
Toxo, FIP

38
Q

Differentials for intracranial anomalous seizures

A

hydrocephalus

Lissencephaly

39
Q

Differentials for intracranial traumatic seizures

A

Acute

Chronic

40
Q

Differentials for intracranial degenerative seizures

A

Storage disorders

41
Q

Differentials for intracranial inflammatory seizures

A

GME
NME
NLE
(small dogs)

42
Q

Young dog with extra cranial

A

PSS, BG, toxin

43
Q

Young dog with intracranial DDx

A

Malformation, storage disease, infectious (distemper vs sepsis) IE

44
Q

Middle age dog DDx

A

IE, inflammatory, infectious, neoplasia

45
Q

Old dog DDx

A

Neoplasia, inflammatory, IE, Vascular

Neuro Pt. 2 (7 decks)

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