3. Deductive Arguments

Question 1

Deductive Arguments

Answer 1

an argument which we assess against the standard of being ‘infallible’ or perfect

Question 2

Non-deductive Arguments

Answer 2

an argument which we assess against being reliable

Question 3

When the premises of the argument try to guarantee the truth of the conclusion, we say the argument is ______

Answer 3

deductive

Question 4

_____ arguments require the strongest kind of logical support that premises can give to a solution

Answer 4

deductive

Question 5

which type of argument does not allow for exceptions

Answer 5

deductive

Question 6

when the premises of an argument try to logically support the conclusion, but do not aim to guarantee its truth, the argument is _______

Answer 6

non-deductive

Question 7

Succesful _________ arguments provide probable but not conclusive support for their conclusions

Answer 7

non deductive

Question 8

Where is deductive argument most useful

Answer 8

in hard science especially mathematics

little so in every day reasoning

Question 9

how do deductive arguments link premises to the conclusion?

Answer 9

through use of words and argument forms

Question 10

how do non-deductive arguments link premise to conclusion?

Answer 10

through common sense or backgroud knowledge

Question 11

if the argument is infallible it is ______

Answer 11

deductive

Question 12

if the argument only relies on argument form and definitions it is ______

Answer 12

deductive

Question 13

if the argument uses observations or generalisations with exceptions it is ______

Answer 13

non-deductive

Question 14

an argument has logical support if _______

Answer 14

it meets the appropriate standards for its type of argument

Question 15

What does logical support refer to?

Answer 15

When an argument meets appropriate standards for its type of argument

Question 16

What is a valid argument

Answer 16

a deductive argument that meets the infallibility standard

if the premise is true then the conclusion must be true as well

Question 17

what is an invalid argument

Answer 17

a deductive argument that does not meet the infallibility standard.

it is possible for all premises to be true but the conclusion false

Question 18

what is a reasoning error

Answer 18

a single describable mistake which causes an argument to be invalid

Question 19

What is argument form

Answer 19

whats left of an argument when all content is abstracted away

Question 20

What is a counter-example

Answer 20

a description of a situation where the premises are true and the conclusion false- in response to an argument

Question 21

if a deductive argument has a counter-example, it is therefore _____

Answer 21

invalid

Question 22

even good non-deductive arguments will have ______ because there are exceptions in the real world

Answer 22

counter-examples

Question 23

Three types of counter-example

Answer 23

actual
hypothetical
formal

Question 24

what is an actual counter-example

Answer 24

a real example where the premise is true and the conclusion false

Question 25

what is a hypothetical counter-example?

Answer 25

as it says

Question 26

what is a formal counter-example?

Answer 26

countering through use of forms

Question 27

why would one choose to use a certain type of counter-example over the other?

Answer 27

depends how much information you have on the subject, if youve witnessed any actual counters or whether you have a good grasp of the form of the argument

Question 28

what is systematicity?

Answer 28

a disposition towards learning problem solving and other activities in an orderly and focused way

Question 29

a formal fallacy

Answer 29

an argument which is bad due to its argument form rather than its content

Question 30

four types of formal fallacy

Answer 30

Affirming the Consequent

Denying the Antecedent

Exclusive Fallacy

Negative Fallacy

Question 31

Affirming the Consequent

Answer 31

D: If P then Q, But Q, Therefore P

Example: If it rains, I will get wet. But I am wet, therefore it rained.

Error: There are many reasons you could be wet

Question 32

Denying the Antecedent

Answer 32

D: If P, then Q, but not P, therefore not Q

Example: If it rains, I will get wet, but it isint raining therefore I am not wet.

There are many reasons why you may be wet on a fine day

Question 33

Exclusive Fallacy

Answer 33

D: either P or Q, but P therefore not Q

Example: Patrick drives either a leaf or a tesla
Patrick drives a Leaf
therefore, Patrick does not drive a Tesla.

Linguistically, P1 is insufficent to show that Patrick can only drive one car