3. Deductive Arguments Flashcards

1
Q

Deductive Arguments

A

an argument which we assess against the standard of being ‘infallible’ or perfect

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2
Q

Non-deductive Arguments

A

an argument which we assess against being reliable

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3
Q

When the premises of the argument try to guarantee the truth of the conclusion, we say the argument is ______

A

deductive

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4
Q

_____ arguments require the strongest kind of logical support that premises can give to a solution

A

deductive

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5
Q

which type of argument does not allow for exceptions

A

deductive

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6
Q

when the premises of an argument try to logically support the conclusion, but do not aim to guarantee its truth, the argument is _______

A

non-deductive

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7
Q

Succesful _________ arguments provide probable but not conclusive support for their conclusions

A

non deductive

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8
Q

Where is deductive argument most useful

A

in hard science especially mathematics

little so in every day reasoning

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9
Q

how do deductive arguments link premises to the conclusion?

A

through use of words and argument forms

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10
Q

how do non-deductive arguments link premise to conclusion?

A

through common sense or backgroud knowledge

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11
Q

if the argument is infallible it is ______

A

deductive

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12
Q

if the argument only relies on argument form and definitions it is ______

A

deductive

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13
Q

if the argument uses observations or generalisations with exceptions it is ______

A

non-deductive

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14
Q

an argument has logical support if _______

A

it meets the appropriate standards for its type of argument

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15
Q

What does logical support refer to?

A

When an argument meets appropriate standards for its type of argument

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16
Q

What is a valid argument

A

a deductive argument that meets the infallibility standard

if the premise is true then the conclusion must be true as well

17
Q

what is an invalid argument

A

a deductive argument that does not meet the infallibility standard.

it is possible for all premises to be true but the conclusion false

18
Q

what is a reasoning error

A

a single describable mistake which causes an argument to be invalid

19
Q

What is argument form

A

whats left of an argument when all content is abstracted away

20
Q

What is a counter-example

A

a description of a situation where the premises are true and the conclusion false- in response to an argument

21
Q

if a deductive argument has a counter-example, it is therefore _____

22
Q

even good non-deductive arguments will have ______ because there are exceptions in the real world

A

counter-examples

23
Q

Three types of counter-example

A

actual
hypothetical
formal

24
Q

what is an actual counter-example

A

a real example where the premise is true and the conclusion false

25
what is a hypothetical counter-example?
as it says
26
what is a formal counter-example?
countering through use of forms
27
why would one choose to use a certain type of counter-example over the other?
depends how much information you have on the subject, if youve witnessed any actual counters or whether you have a good grasp of the form of the argument
28
what is systematicity?
a disposition towards learning problem solving and other activities in an orderly and focused way
29
a formal fallacy
an argument which is bad due to its argument form rather than its content
30
four types of formal fallacy
Affirming the Consequent Denying the Antecedent Exclusive Fallacy Negative Fallacy
31
Affirming the Consequent
D: If P then Q, But Q, Therefore P Example: If it rains, I will get wet. But I am wet, therefore it rained. Error: There are many reasons you could be wet
32
Denying the Antecedent
D: If P, then Q, but not P, therefore not Q Example: If it rains, I will get wet, but it isint raining therefore I am not wet. There are many reasons why you may be wet on a fine day
33
Exclusive Fallacy
D: either P or Q, but P therefore not Q Example: Patrick drives either a leaf or a tesla Patrick drives a Leaf therefore, Patrick does not drive a Tesla. Linguistically, P1 is insufficent to show that Patrick can only drive one car