2. Standard Form

Question 1

Standard Form

Answer 1

a way of setting out the statements of an argument to be readily identifiable

Question 2

A sub-argument

Answer 2

an argument whose conclusion serves as a premise in a larger argument of which the sub-argument is a part

Question 3

A sub-conclusion

Answer 3

a statement that is the conclusion of a sub-argument

Question 4

Where can we frequent sub-arguments

Answer 4

Long and complex arguments

Question 5

How to find sub-arguments

Answer 5

1. Identify main conclusion and the premises that are supporting that conclusion. This is the main argument.
2. Figure out which premises are themselves sub-conclusions; which premises have been given reasons for you to believe them. 3. For each of these sub-conclusions, construct a sub-argument by identifying which premises are offered in its support. If the premises in a sub-argument are supported by reasons, they are sub-conclusions of sub-arguments and you will need to analyse those sub-arguments in the same way.
3. Eventually, each of your sub-conclusions will be supported by other premises. Note that if one of your premises is supported by a sub-conclusion that it also supports, you probably have a circular argument.

Question 6

A suppressed premise

Answer 6

A premise of the argument that has not been provided

Question 7

A suppressed conclusion

Answer 7

conclusion of the argument not being there

Question 8

The Conclusion-Linking Principle

Answer 8

that any important information or phrase in the conclusion must be in the premise

Question 9

The Premise-Linking Principle

Answer 9

that any important information in a premise must also be in another premise

Question 10

Two common reasons for creating arguments

Answer 10

1. to justify a conclusion you have already come to
2. to reason something new that follows from what we already know

Question 11

Motivated reasoning

Answer 11

reasons for arguing other than seeking truth

Question 12

Availability heurisitc

Answer 12

a psychological bias conflating how easy it is to recall something relevant to the current argument

Question 13

fallacy

Answer 13

common, psychological and unreliable pattern of reasoning

Question 14

fallacy of appeal

Answer 14

unreasonable appeal to emotion or authority

Question 15

appeal to authority

Answer 15

relying upon the view of an apparent authority

Question 16

appeal to ignorance

Answer 16

arguer asserts that the claim must be true as it has not been proven otherwise etc

Question 17

appeal to consequence

Answer 17

an argument is considered good if good consequences follow

Question 18

appeal to popularity

Answer 18

arguing that a claim must be true if its popular

Question 19

appeal to tradition

Answer 19

similar to popularity but rather in reference to how long its been believed rather than how many people

Question 20

appeal to emotion

Answer 20

an attempt to evoke feelings that are not logically relevant

Question 21

appeal to aspiration

Answer 21

evidence or information presented by someone the audience admires or aspires to be