3: Cow Infertility

Question 1

Four stages of reproductive failure in cattle:

Answer 1

Failure to ovulate after estrus
Failure of fertilization
Embryonic Death
Fetal Death

Question 2

Pregnancy wastage:

Answer 2

combines embryonic, fetal, and neonatal deaths

Question 3

What failures of reproduction result in normal cycle lengthts?

Answer 3

Failure of fertilization to occur and EED before day 16

Question 4

When is a pregnancy loss considered fetal death/abortion?

Answer 4

After 42 days

Question 5

What is pathognomonic for trithichomoniasis in cows?

Answer 5

Post-coital pyometra

Question 6

When does T. foetus cause infertility in cows?

Answer 6

Infertility and some 1st half abortions

Question 7

What clinical sign is consistent with campylobacteriosis in cows?

Answer 7

Mucopurulent endometritis

Question 8

How does campylobacteriosis cause infertility in cows (Mechanism)?

Answer 8

EED from local inflammation (IgA/IgG)
Does not directly affect fertilization or embryo development

Question 9

How to test for campy?

Answer 9

rtPCR (antigens) from cervical swab/uterine wash

Question 10

What do mollicute infections cause in cows?

Answer 10

Vulvovaginitis, cervicitis, endometritis, salpingitis, abortions

Question 11

How do mollicute infections cause infertility?

Answer 11

Reluctance to breed (it hurt she say no thank you)

Question 12

What does BHV-1 cause in cows?

Answer 12

Pustular vulvovaginitis, endometritis, oophoritis, decreased luteal function

Question 13

Which serovar of leptospirosis is specifically associated with infertility?

Answer 13

Hardjo

Question 14

How does H. somni cause infertility in the cow?

Answer 14

Can adhere to the zona pellucida of intact embryos and cause degredation

Question 15

When does a cow have to be infected with BVDV to see decreased conception and EED?

Answer 15

At breeding

Question 16

What clinical signs are associated with BVDV in cows?

Answer 16

Oophoritis, salpingitis, hormone alteration

Question 17

What are precursors for endometritis in cows?

Answer 17

parturition, copulation, and AI

Question 18

Findings consistent with pyometra in cows?

Answer 18

Voluminous intraluminal fluid of medium echogenicity
persistent CL
found at 30d preg checks typically

Question 19

Treatment for pyometra in cows?

Answer 19

Prostaglandin (lyse CL)

Question 20

Findings consistent with hydrometra in cows?

Answer 20

accumulation of sterile anechoic-slightly echoic fluid in uterine lumen NOT associated with pregnancy

Question 21

What are neoplastic causes of infertility in cows?

Answer 21

Uterine Lymphosarc (BLV)
Uterine/Vaginal carcinoma, leiomyoma
GCT

Question 22

Definition of cystic ovaries?

Answer 22

persistent anovulatory follicular structures
2.5cm or larger
persists in absence of CL

Question 23

Pathophys of cystic ovaries?

Answer 23

Lack of LH surge when follicle reaches ovulatory size

Question 24

Tx of cystic ovaries:

Answer 24

GnRH agonist or CIDR placement
OvSynch protocol

Question 25

What is the incidence of freemartinism?

Answer 25

92% of heterosexual twins

Question 26

What is the mechanism that causes freemartinism?

Answer 26

Fusion of chorioallantois & shared blood supply Exposure of female fetus to AMH

Question 27

Examples of congenital conditions that cause cow infertility?

Answer 27

Male psuedohermaphrodites segmental aplasia of mullerian ducts incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts

Question 28

At what body temperature does fertility decline?

Answer 28

102.2

Question 29

What do phytoestrogens cause in cows?

Answer 29

nymphomania, cystic ovaries, swollen genitalia, infertility, impaired preg maintenance, gonadal hypoplasia, anestrus

Question 30

Examples of endocrine disrupting compounds:

Answer 30

pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, plasticizers

Question 31

Three categories of toxicants that impact cow fertility:

Answer 31

Phytoestrogens Endocrine Disruptors Endophyte-infested tall fescue

Question 32

Examples of mineral imbalances that affect cow fertility:

Answer 32

Deficiences: cobalt, copper, iodine, manganese, phosphorus, selenium Excess: molybdenum