3: Cow Infertility Flashcards
Four stages of reproductive failure in cattle:
Failure to ovulate after estrus
Failure of fertilization
Embryonic Death
Fetal Death
Pregnancy wastage:
combines embryonic, fetal, and neonatal deaths
What failures of reproduction result in normal cycle lengthts?
Failure of fertilization to occur and EED before day 16
When is a pregnancy loss considered fetal death/abortion?
After 42 days
What is pathognomonic for trithichomoniasis in cows?
Post-coital pyometra
When does T. foetus cause infertility in cows?
Infertility and some 1st half abortions
What clinical sign is consistent with campylobacteriosis in cows?
Mucopurulent endometritis
How does campylobacteriosis cause infertility in cows (Mechanism)?
EED from local inflammation (IgA/IgG)
Does not directly affect fertilization or embryo development
How to test for campy?
rtPCR (antigens) from cervical swab/uterine wash
What do mollicute infections cause in cows?
Vulvovaginitis, cervicitis, endometritis, salpingitis, abortions
How do mollicute infections cause infertility?
Reluctance to breed (it hurt she say no thank you)
What does BHV-1 cause in cows?
Pustular vulvovaginitis, endometritis, oophoritis, decreased luteal function
Which serovar of leptospirosis is specifically associated with infertility?
Hardjo
How does H. somni cause infertility in the cow?
Can adhere to the zona pellucida of intact embryos and cause degredation
When does a cow have to be infected with BVDV to see decreased conception and EED?
At breeding
What clinical signs are associated with BVDV in cows?
Oophoritis, salpingitis, hormone alteration
What are precursors for endometritis in cows?
parturition, copulation, and AI
Findings consistent with pyometra in cows?
Voluminous intraluminal fluid of medium echogenicity
persistent CL
found at 30d preg checks typically
Treatment for pyometra in cows?
Prostaglandin (lyse CL)
Findings consistent with hydrometra in cows?
accumulation of sterile anechoic-slightly echoic fluid in uterine lumen NOT associated with pregnancy
What are neoplastic causes of infertility in cows?
Uterine Lymphosarc (BLV)
Uterine/Vaginal carcinoma, leiomyoma
GCT
Definition of cystic ovaries?
persistent anovulatory follicular structures
2.5cm or larger
persists in absence of CL
Pathophys of cystic ovaries?
Lack of LH surge when follicle reaches ovulatory size
Tx of cystic ovaries:
GnRH agonist or CIDR placement
OvSynch protocol
What is the incidence of freemartinism?
92% of heterosexual twins
What is the mechanism that causes freemartinism?
Fusion of chorioallantois & shared blood supply
Exposure of female fetus to AMH
Examples of congenital conditions that cause cow infertility?
Male psuedohermaphrodites
segmental aplasia of mullerian ducts
incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts
At what body temperature does fertility decline?
102.2
What do phytoestrogens cause in cows?
nymphomania, cystic ovaries, swollen genitalia, infertility, impaired preg maintenance, gonadal hypoplasia, anestrus
Examples of endocrine disrupting compounds:
pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, plasticizers
Three categories of toxicants that impact cow fertility:
Phytoestrogens
Endocrine Disruptors
Endophyte-infested tall fescue
Examples of mineral imbalances that affect cow fertility:
Deficiences: cobalt, copper, iodine, manganese, phosphorus, selenium
Excess: molybdenum
