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International Management > 3. Communicating across cultures > Flashcards

3. Communicating across cultures Flashcards

1
Q

What is the essence of good management?

A

Communication

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2
Q

Communication lies at the hear of

A

Effective organisations

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3
Q

Managers most serious challenge in the field

A

Communicating effectively across cultures

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4
Q

Ineffective communication serves to

A

Erect barriers to organisational success

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5
Q

Communication process

A

Sender encodes meaning
Medium Message
Receiver decodes meaning

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6
Q

What is noise?

A
  • Cultural differences and potential cross-cultural misunderstandings
  • The better a manager can reduce this noise, the better communication becomes.
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7
Q

What does noise neglect?

A

Attention and interpretations = two major impediments to effective communication

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8
Q

Augmented encode–noise–decode models enhance

A

Communication effectiveness across borders

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9
Q

Attention-interpretation-actionnmodel of interpersonal communication

A

Attention (What did I see or hear)
Interpretation (What does it mean)
Action (How should I respond)

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10
Q

Features of the communication environment?

A
  • Competing messages
  • Visual and audible noise
  • Interpersonal relationships
  • Power distance
  • Knowledge distribution
  • Attitudes and perceptions
  • Pressing needs
  • Cultural screens
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11
Q

Cultural screens on interpersonal communication

A

Culturally mediated cognitions

Culturally mandated protocol

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12
Q

What are Culturally mediated cognitions?

A

Cultural influences on individual cognitions surrounding communication episodes – that is, how people and messages are often evaluated and processed in the minds of senders and receivers alike

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13
Q

What is Culturally mandated protocol?

A

Cultural influences on communication protocols, or required behaviors, such as how we construct or shape our messages in ways that may be culturally consistent for us but not problematic for our intended receivers

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14
Q

4 sections of culture cognition and communication

A
  • Language and linguistic structure
  • Selective perception
  • Cultural logic
  • Cognitive evaluation
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15
Q

Features of language and linguistic structure

A
  • Language in use
  • Formal or informal language
  • Native or non-native speakers
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16
Q

Features of selective perception

A
  • Focusing on immediate demands

- Sensing or missing non-verbal messages

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17
Q

Feature of cultural logic?

A
  • Assuming that others think and act in the same manner that we do
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18
Q

Features of cognitive evaluation?

A
  • Attaching meanings to messages

- Norm of authenticity

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19
Q

Native English speaking english speaker cognitions

A
  • Thinks in english, no ongoing translations or interpretations required
  • Speaks in english, extensive vocabulary
  • Understands subtleties of english conversations
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20
Q

Native english speaker speaking english communication behaviours

A

Since messages are usually clearly understood, responses and action implications are typically clear

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21
Q

Non-native English speaker speaking english cognitions

A
  • Thinks in language other than english, often must interpret incoming and outgoing messages
  • English second language, limited vocab
  • Often lacks sensitivity to subtleties of english language conversation
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22
Q

Non-native English speaker speaking english communication behaviours

A

Since messages are not always clearly understood, responses and action implications can often be unclear

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23
Q

Selective perception: What do people focus on?

A

Information that becomes important is in the eye of the beholder – the information he or she is expecting or looking for – while other potentially useful information is often left by the wayside

24
Q

Norm of authenticity

A

a belief that external actions and emotional displays are, or should be, generally consistent with internal states

25
Q

What cultures emphasise a norm of authenticity?

A

Several in North America and Western Europe

26
Q

What cultures think norm of authenticity is immature, impolite ?

A

East and Southeast Asian societie

27
Q

“speaking one’s mind” or “telling it like it is” frequently appears in a positive light to many Westerners, but not to many Asians.

A

Many in Asia give more importance in communication processes to what is left unsaid instead of what is said in open and direct ways,

28
Q

What is cultural logic?

A

The process by which people attribute meaning to the words and actions of others on the basis of the local meanings embedded within their own culture.

29
Q

Features of cultural logic?

A
  • A shared cultural logic helps people fill the gaps left by what is unsaid, thereby facilitating the process of creating a shared meaning.
  • Allows for simplified and rapid communication
  • When moving across cultures, however, there is often an assumption of a common knowledge that, in fact, is not common.
30
Q

4 culture and communication protocols?

A

Appropriate or inappropriate topics for discussion
Message formatting
Acceptable or unacceptable behaviours
Conversational formalities

31
Q

Appropriate or inappropriate topics for discussion examples

A
  • Family and health issues
  • Personal wealth
  • Conversation sequencing
32
Q

Message formatting examples

A

Message content

Message context

33
Q

Acceptable or unacceptable behaviours examples

A

Interruptions

Emotional displays

34
Q

Conversational formalities examples

A
  • Use of titles
  • Speaking order
  • Use of apologies
35
Q

Features of communication in high context cultures?

A
  • Subtle message content: indirect or hidden
  • Non-verbal cues often important
  • Medium often more important than message
  • Status differences often affect both medium and message
    E.g. declining a request with vagueness or body language
36
Q

Example of high context communication

A

E.g. declining a request with vagueness or body language

37
Q

Features of communication in low context cultures?

A
  • Overt message context; frank, to -the-point
  • Non-verbal cues often unimportant or ignored
  • Message typically more important than medium
  • Status differences can affect message or medium
38
Q

Example of low context communication

A

Declining a request by saying no

39
Q

Low context: Most explicit communication countries

A

Switzerland
Germany
Scandinavia

40
Q

High context: Least explicit communication countries

A

Latin America
Middle East
Japan

41
Q

Hall’s cultural dimensions

A

Context
Space
Time

42
Q

3 strategies for communicating across cultures

A
  1. Expand knowledge and understanding of cultural dynamics
  2. Recalibrate perceptual and critical analysis skills
  3. Enhance behavioural repertoire of applied communication
43
Q

How to Expand knowledge and understanding of cultural dynamics?

A
  • Develop greater understanding of own culture
  • Develop in-depth knowledge of other key cultures
  • Expand relevant language skills for increased understanding and improved communication
  • Seek advice from local cultural experts
44
Q

How to Recalibrate perceptual and critical analysis skills?

A
  • Examine own and others reasoning
  • Explore assumptions you make
  • Use expanded cultural knowledge to view through eyes of others
  • Look for subtleties and nuances
  • Seek to understand the why’s in others behaviours
45
Q

How to Enhance behavioural repertoire of applied communication ?

A
  • Broaden your message formatting skills
  • Develop country-specific knowledge
  • Develop active listing skills, attention to common communication failures across cultures and resolution strategies
46
Q

Cultural Intelligence

A

(CQ)
Body
Heart
Head

47
Q

What are the four basic aspects of CQ?

A

CQ-Strategy
CQ-Knowledge
CQ-Motivation
CQ-Behaviour

48
Q

What is CQ-Strategy?

A

The processes individuals use to acquire and understand cultural knowledge.

49
Q

What is CQ-Knowledge?

A

General knowledge structures and mental

maps about cultures.

50
Q

What is CQ-Motivation?

A

A person’s interest in experiencing other cultures and interacting with people from different cultures.

51
Q

What is CQ-Behaviour?

A

A person’s capability to adapt verbal and nonverbal behavior so it is appropriate for different cultures.

52
Q

Features of CQ-Strategy?

A
  • Strategizing before an inter-cultural encounter
  • Checking assumptions during an encounter
  • Adjusting mental maps when actual experiences differ from expectations
53
Q

Features of CQ-Knowledge?

A

Knowledge about economic and legal systems, norms for social interaction, religious beliefs, aesthetic values, and language in different cultures.

54
Q

Features of CQ-Motivation?

A

Interest

Confidence

55
Q

Features of CQ-Behaviour?

A
  • Flexible behavioural responses a variety of situations

- Modify both verbal and nonverbal behaviour

International Management (5 decks)

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