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1. Ancient Civilizations Of North America > 3. Clovis Man: America's First Culture > Flashcards

3. Clovis Man: America's First Culture Flashcards

1
Q

What was the first proof of truly ancient Americans?

A
  1. A giant skeleton in a washed out gully with a stone projectile in it’s hip in Folsum, New Mexico in 1908
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2
Q

Who was George McJunkin?

A
  1. A former slave turned cowboy, self taught historian, and geologist who discovered the first proof of ancient americans in 1908
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3
Q

What animal did George McJunkin find?

A
  1. A Bison Antiquus
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4
Q

When did the Bison Antiquus go extinct?

A
  1. Around 10,000 BP
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5
Q

How large was Bison Antiquus?

A
  1. 3,500 lbs
  2. 25% larger than modern bison
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6
Q

Why did archaeologists disbelieve McJunkins claims that he had found evidence of ancient humans in America?

A
  1. They believed humans had come 3,000 years before
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7
Q

When was McJunkin’s site finally excavated?

A
  1. 1926
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8
Q

Who excavated McJunkins site?

A
  1. Jesse Figgins
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9
Q

What was found when Jesse Figgins excaveted McJunkins gully?

A
  1. Tools
  2. Projectile Points (Folsom points)
  3. 32 Butchered Bison Antiguus
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10
Q

What major shift occurred after Figgins excavated the McJunkin Gully?

A
  1. The earliest date of humans in America shifted from 3,000 BP to 10,000 BP
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11
Q

When and where was the Clovis site discovered?

A
  1. 1929
  2. Near Blackwater Draw in New Mexico
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12
Q

Who was James Ridgley Whiteman?

A
  1. The amateur archaeologist who discovered Clovis man
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13
Q

Who won rights to excavate Clovis man?

A
  1. Edgar Howard
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14
Q

What was found at the Clovis site?

A
  1. A large campsite with multiple episodes of occupation
  2. Mammoth bones
  3. Dire Wolves
  4. Saber-toothed Cats
  5. Projectile points (Clovis points)
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15
Q

What was Clovis man named after?

A
  1. The nearby town of Clovis
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16
Q

What specific purpose did Clovis points have?

A
  1. To hunt megafauna, mostly mammoths and mastodons
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17
Q

When did the Paleo-Indian period end?

A
  1. When the mega fauna had gone extinct
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18
Q

What is important about the origins of Clovis culture?

A
  1. They did not come from Siberia. The culture is an American original
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19
Q

What 3 human remains do we currently have from the Clovis culture?

A
  1. Coprolites from Paisley Cave
  2. The remains of an Anzick child from Montana
  3. Arlington Springs man from the Channel Islands in California
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20
Q

What knowledge did we gain from the DNA of the 3 Clovis human remains?

A
  1. They all contained haplotypes from America, not Siberia or Europe
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21
Q

Where are Clovis points found?

A
  1. All over the Americas, from coast to coast and Alaska to South America
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22
Q

What does the distribution of Clovis culture suggest?

A
  1. An amazing level of communication, travel, and trade
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23
Q

How many Clovis points have been found?

A
  1. Over 10,000
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24
Q

How many locations contain Clovis points in North America alone?

A
  1. Over 1,500
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25
Q

What window of time does all Clovis evidence come from?

A
  1. 13,300 - 12,700 BP
  2. Or just a 600 year window
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26
Q

Where is the epicenter of all Clovis sites?

A
  1. The eastern and central United States
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27
Q

Where are the oldest Clovis sites located? How old are they?

A
  1. The Aubrey Site near Denton, Texas (about 13,000 - 14,000 BP)
  2. El Fin del Mundo in Sonora, Mexico (13,390BP)
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28
Q

What is the largest known Clovis site?

A
  1. Gault in Texas
29
Q

What is the most common type of animal found at Clovis sites?

A
  1. Turtle bones
30
Q

What artifacts are common at Clovis sites?

A
  1. Clovis points
  2. Scrapers
  3. Choppers
  4. Axes
  5. Knives
  6. Shaft Straighteners
  7. Needles for sewing animal hides together
31
Q

How large is the Clovis site in Gault?

A
  1. The size of 6 football fields
32
Q

What types of artifacts were found at Gault?

A
  1. Axes
  2. Scrapers for hides
  3. Carving tools
  4. Plant-processing tools
  5. Incised stones (art)
33
Q

What was likely North America’s first art form?

A
  1. Hand sized stones with lines drawn on them found at Gault
34
Q

How did Gault help expand Archeologist’s understanding of Clovis culture?

A
  1. It showed that they were not just travelers and hunter-gatherers, but also capable of sedentary life
35
Q

What culture made North America’s first permanent communities?

A
  1. The Clovis culture
36
Q

What major event corresponds with the disappearance of the Clovis culture?

A
  1. The extinction of Mammoths
37
Q

What is the first theory for Clovis collapse?

A
  1. When mammoths and mastodons went extinct through environmental causes, the Clovis culture was collateral damage
38
Q

What is the second theory for Clovis collapse?

A
  1. The Clovis people overhunted the megafauna and killed them off, thus destroying their own way of life
39
Q

When did the Holoene epoch begin?

A
  1. 11,700 BP
40
Q

What was the Holocene epoch?

A
  1. A warming period within a larger glacial period
41
Q

What was the Pleistocene epoch?

A
  1. The last ice age
42
Q

When did the Pleistocene begin and end?

A
  1. 2.6 Million BP
  2. 12,000 BP
43
Q

What are the 3 interstadial periods (Dryas) occured during the transition between the Pleistocene and Holocene?

A
  1. Oldest Dryas
  2. Older Dryas
  3. Younger Dryas
44
Q

What dates mark the transition between the Pleistocene and Holocene?

A
  1. 15,000 BP to 11,700 BP
45
Q

What occurred during the Oldest Dryas?

A
  1. The world began warming and then snapped back to a cold spell
46
Q

What dates mark the Oldest Dryas?

A

15,000 BP to 14,000BP

47
Q

What happened during the Older Dryas?

A
  1. The world began warming again, before snapping back to a cold spell
48
Q

What dates mark the Older Dryas?

A
  1. 14,000 - 12,900 BP
49
Q

What happened during the Youngest Dryas?

A

The world warmed again, before getting cold on final time

50
Q

What dates mark the Youngest Dryas?

A
  1. 12,900 - 11,700 BP
51
Q

What drew the Clovis people northward toward the end of their existance?

A
  1. They likely followed the mammoths northward as the grasslands shrank
52
Q

Who were the Folsom people?

A
  1. A Clovis people that survived slightly longer than the rest.
53
Q

When did the Folsom culture dimimish?

A
  1. 11,000 BP to 10,000 BP
54
Q

What is the Folsom culture most known for?

A
  1. Bison hunting
55
Q

What area were the Folsom people restricted to?

A
  1. Bison territory, in and around the Great Plains, from Canada to Texas, and the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi river.
56
Q

What differentiates Folsom points from Clovis points?

A
  1. Folsom points are shorter and thinner
  2. Their flutes went all the way up their lengths
57
Q

How many Folsom points have been discovered so far?

A
  1. Over 2,000
58
Q

What new hunting technique did the Folsom people invent?

A
  1. Bison Jumps
59
Q

How did Folsom Bison Jumps work?

A
  1. Running herds off of cliffs into canyons
60
Q

What is unique about the Bonfire Shelter site in Pecos, Texas?

A
  1. There are modern bison on top of Folsom aged evidence where the Bison jump occurred
61
Q

When was the first known Bison jump at Bonfire Shelter?

A
  1. 11,700 BP
62
Q

When was the latest known Bison jump at Bonfire Shelter?

A
  1. 800 BCE
63
Q

What is unique about the Bonfire shelter site when compared to most Folsom sites?

A
  1. It was both a kill site and a living site
64
Q

What is unique about the Lindenmeier site in Colorado?

A
  1. It was a multi-generational Folsom living site
65
Q

When was the Lindenmeier site occupied?

A
  1. Around 12,300 BCE
66
Q

When did the Folsom culture disappear?

A
  1. When warming took the Bison Antiguus out of the great plains
67
Q

When did Folom culture disappear?

A
  1. 10,000 BP
68
Q

How tall was Bison Antiguus?

A
  1. 8’ tall

1. Ancient Civilizations Of North America (24 decks)

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