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1. Ancient Civilizations Of North America > 2. The First Human Migrations to the Americas > Flashcards

2. The First Human Migrations to the Americas Flashcards

1
Q

Where was the origin of North American populations?

A
  1. Asia
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2
Q

Where was the only entry point of the early North American populations/

A
  1. The Bering Strait
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3
Q

What is a Haplogroup?

A
  1. A genetic population group determined by a common ancestor on the patriline or the matriline
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4
Q

How are Haplogroups categorized?

A
  1. They are assigned a letter, and refinements are noted with additional numbers and letters
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5
Q

What kinds of DNA are studied for ancestry markers?

A
  1. Y-chromosome DNA for male line ancestry
  2. Mitochondrial DNA for female line ancestry
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6
Q

What Haplogroup is predominant in North America?

A
  1. Haplogroup Q
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7
Q

What Haplogroups are found in both the Americas and Siberia?

A
  1. A
  2. B
  3. C
  4. D
  5. X
  6. Q
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8
Q

What was the first Haplogroup to cross the Bering Strait?

A
  1. Haplogroup D
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9
Q

How is Haplogroup D1 tracked?

A
  1. It is linked to a genetic mutation that occurred in Beringia just as humans first crossed
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10
Q

What is the land bridge on the bering strait called?

A
  1. Beringia
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11
Q

When and where was Naia discovered?

A
  1. 2007
  2. In an underwater cave in Yucatan Mexico
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12
Q

What Haplogroup did Naia belong to?

A
  1. Haplogroup D
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13
Q

How old was Naia when she died?

A
  1. A teenager
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14
Q

Around what time did Naia live?

A
  1. 12,000 - 13,000 BP
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15
Q

What was found in 1968 in Montana?

A
  1. A 13,000 year old boy skeleton
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16
Q

Where was the boy skeleton found?

A
  1. In Anzick, Montana
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17
Q

What is unique about the ancestry of the boy discovered in Montana?

A
  1. He is from Haplogroup D1, which is also primarily found in South America
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18
Q

What important event arose from the discovery of the boy in Montana?

A
  1. A reanalysis of the famous Kennewick man
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19
Q

When and where was the Kennewick man discovered?

A
  1. 1996
  2. Near the Columbia River in Washington
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20
Q

When did the Kennewick man live?

A
  1. 9,000 BP
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21
Q

What was important about the reanalysis of Kennewick man?

A
  1. The US courts allowed it to be studied after Native American groups blocked it for years
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22
Q

What Haplogroup did the Kennewick man come from?

A
  1. Y-chromosome Haplogroup Q-M3
  2. Mitochondrial Haplogroup X2a
23
Q

What is important about the Kennewick Man’s Haplogroups?

A
  1. They are both unique to Native American populations
24
Q

When was Kennewick man returned the Native Americans in Washington?

A
  1. 2016
25
Q

How far did the earliest haplogroup travel?

A
  1. From Siberia to South America
26
Q

What species of humans have been found in America?

A
  1. Only Homo sapiens
27
Q

When did homo sapiens first leave africa?

A
  1. Around 60,000 BP
28
Q

When did homo sapiens first arrive in Siberia?

A
  1. 40,000BP
29
Q

When did the first wave of homo sapiens enter Beringia?

A
  1. 30,000 BP
30
Q

When did the second wave of homo sapiens enter Beringia?

A
  1. 16,500
31
Q

When did the third wave of homo sapiens enter Beringia?

A
  1. 15,000 BP
32
Q

What groups of homo sapiens first migrated to the Americas?

A
  1. The first and second waves
33
Q

When did the first humans migrate to South America?

A
  1. Shortly after the second wave entered Beringia, after 16,500 BP
34
Q

How many subgroups of haplogroups have been found in America?

A
  1. Thousands
35
Q

Where is the oldest widely accepted site of human evidence in the Americas?

A
  1. Monte Verde in South America
36
Q

What is the approximate date of Monte Verde in South America?

A
  1. 14,800 BP
  2. Potentially 18,500 or even 33,000 BP
37
Q

Why is it so hard to identify the earliest human evidence in the Americas?

A
  1. The lack of human remains
38
Q

Where are many of the oldest and best preserved sites found?

A
  1. On the East coast of the United States
39
Q

What is the name of the hypothesis of European migration of Native Americans/

A
  1. The Solutrean hypothesis
40
Q

What other important early sites exist in the United States?

A
  1. Paisley Caves in Oregon
  2. Central Texas Hill Country
41
Q

What was found in the Paisley Caves in Oregon?

A
  1. Human hearths
  2. Extinct animal bones
  3. Human fossilized excrement (disputed whether it is human or not)
42
Q

What is the term for human fossilized excrement?

A
  1. Coprolites
43
Q

When were the Paisley caves discovered?

A
  1. 1938
44
Q

How old is the site in Paisley Caves?

A
  1. 14,300 BP
45
Q

What is the name of the oldest site in Central Texas Hill Country?

A
  1. Buttermilk Creek
46
Q

Why was the Central Texas Hill Country ideal for early humans and animals?

A
  1. It has many natural springs
47
Q

Where was Arlington Springs Man discovered?

A
  1. On the channel islands near Santa Barbara, California
48
Q

How old is Arlington Springs man?

A
  1. 13,000 BP
49
Q

What is the most important apsects of Arlington Springs man?

A
  1. He lived 26 miles from the mainland, suggesting he knew how to use a boat
50
Q

What evidence is key to the Coastal Migration Theory?

A
  1. Arlington Springs man
51
Q

What is the Coastal Migration Theory?

A
  1. The theory that humans migrated by using boats to skirt the pacific rim
52
Q

What are the most common theories for the reasons behind human migration in America?

A
  1. Climate change (drought, etc)
  2. Environmental stress
  3. Safety fears
  4. Fleeing from hostile groups
  5. Following the megafauna
53
Q

What are the theories behind the original African migration?

A
  1. New tool technologies
  2. The quest for new food as populations increased
54
Q

What is the predominant theory behind the Migration across the Bering Strait?

A
  1. The following of mega fauna

1. Ancient Civilizations Of North America (24 decks)

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