3 Cell Structure Flashcards
capsule vs capsid
capsule- bacteria
capsid- virus
Behaviour of chromosomes during interphase
Replication
Behaviour of chromosomes during prophase
-condense and become visible, spindle fibres develop.
Behaviour of chromosomes during metaphase
Line up down the middle pairs, spindle fibres attach to the centromeres.
Behaviour of chromosomes during anaphase
centromeres divide in 2, sister chromatids are pulled apart. They move to opposite poles of the cell.
Behaviour of chromosomes during telophase
They reach their poles and become invisible again, ready for the cell to divide in cytokinesis.
Mitosis outcome
creates two genetically identical daughter cells
What are the two stages of binary fission
-replication of circular DNA nd plasmids
-division of the cytoplasm to produce two daughter cells
HIV replication
…
what is a eukaryotic cell?
nucleus-containing membrane bound cell
what is a eukaryotic cell?
nucleus-containing membrane bound cell
what is the function of mitochondria?
ATP production through respiration
what is the function of ribosomes?
protein synthesis
what is the function of lysosomes?
intracellular digestion and waste removal
explain the role of the golgi body
protein modification and sorting
what are the functions of an endoplasmic reticulum?
protein and lipid synthesis
describe the structure of chloroplasts
double membrane
chlorophyll-containing organelles
what defines a prokaryotic cell?
lack of nucleus and membrane bound organelles
name a common prokaryotic organism.
bacteria
describe the structure of prokaryotic DNA
circular, naked DNA molecule
what is the function of ribosomes in prokaryotes?
protein synthesis
what method do prokaryotes reproduce through?
binary fission
what distinguishes viruses from cells?
acellular, require host for replication
what is the structure of a virus?
nucleic acid surround by a protein
how do viruses infect cells?
attachment, entry, replication, release
what is the role of a capsid?
it is a protein coat surrounding genetic material
what is cell fractionation?
separation of cell components (organelles)
describe the purpose of homogenisation
breaks cells up to release organelles
explain the role of a centrifuge
spins samples at high speeds
what is the supernatant?
liquid above sediment after centrifugation
how is differential centrifugation performed?
repeated spins at different speeds
define ‘ultracentrifugation’
