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Clinical Medicine & Pharmacology II > 3. Cardiac Pathology & Pharmacology (Part 1) > Flashcards

3. Cardiac Pathology & Pharmacology (Part 1) Flashcards

PowerPoint 4

1
Q

Define: Ischemia

A

A less than optimal amount of blood being delivered to an area, which leads to a shortage of oxygen.

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2
Q

Define: Atherosclerosis

A

Hardening of the arteries.

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3
Q

What is another word for fatty deposits?

A

Plaque

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4
Q

In regard to Atherosclerosis, Which layer of the artery walls is plaque being depoisted/built-up?

A

Tunica Intima

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5
Q

What specific arteries can be affected when someone has atherosclerosis?

A
  • Coronary
  • Cerebral
  • Peripheral
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6
Q

What are the Simple 7 recommendations for reducing the risk or coronary artery disease and cardiovascular disease?

A
  1. Avoid cigarette smoking
  2. Engage in appropriate physical activity
  3. Maintain ideal body weight
  4. Eat a healthy diet
  5. Manage blood pressure
  6. Manage cholesterol
  7. Manage fasting blood glucose
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7
Q

The simple 7 recommendations for reducing CAD and CVD are all actions that a patient (can / can’t) change.

A

The simple 7 recommendations for reducing CAD and CVD are all actions that a patient (CAN) change.

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8
Q

List some of the emerging risk factors for cardiovascular diesease that CAN NOT be changed.

A
  • Lipid-related biomarkersl lipoprotein(a) and high lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2.
  • Inflammatory markers; interleukin-6, C-reactove protein, and others.
  • Kidney related biomarkers; microalbuminuria
  • Air pollution
  • Mediastinal radiation
  • Human immunodeficiency viral infection
  • Elevated homocysteine levels
  • Abnormal sleep
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9
Q

What are the 4 ways that Atherosclerosis typically occur?

A
  1. Sudden Cardiac Death
  2. Chronic Stable Angina
  3. Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
  4. Cardiac Muscle Dysfunction
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10
Q

What 3 different conditions fall under Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?

A
  1. Unstable angina
  2. ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI)
  3. Non-STEMI
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11
Q

Regarding Sudden Cardiac Death (SDC), answer/explain the following:

  • Typical clinical course.
  • Usual cause of death.
  • Best chance of survival.
A
  • Typical clinical course = Unexpected loss of consciousness and heart function, verified by no signs of circulation.
  • Usual cause of death = Ventricular tachycardia and Ventricular Fibrillation. This causes cardia output to decrease which stops blood from getting to essential organs.
  • Best chance of survival = CPR, AED, and hospitial visit.
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12
Q

Regarding Chronic Stable Angina , answer/explain the following:

  • Pathology.
  • Common Complaints
  • Treatment.
A
  • Pathology =
    1. Angina is substernal pressure anywhere from the epigastric area to the jaw.
    2. Not enough blood supply to meet metabolic demand.
    3. Imbalance in supply and demand of myocardial oxygen
  • Common Complaints = Patient may feel squeezing, tightness, or crushing.
  • Treatment = Sublingual nitroglycerin; Reducing the intestity of exercise.
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13
Q

Regarding Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) , answer/explain the following:

  • Most Common Symptom.
  • Diagnosis that fall under ACS.
A
  • Most Common Symptom = Chest discomfort for greater than 20 minutes.
  • Diagnoses that fall under ACS
    1. Unstable Angina
    2. Acute Myocardial Infarction. This is further broken down into STEMI and NSTEMI
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14
Q

What is the difference between stable and unstable angina?

A

Stable Angina = Patient is familiar with the onset of chest pain, what causes it, and when it is most likely to occur.

Unstable Angina = Patient doesn’t know or predict when they will have chest pain.

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15
Q

An Acute Myocardial Infarction (MI) can fall into two different classifications; what are they?

A

STEMI

NSTEMI

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16
Q

In regard to the Q-Wave, what is different between a STEMI and a NSTEMI?

A

STEMI = Develops a Q-wave on ECG in subsequent 24-48 hours.

NSTEMI = Often does NOT develop a Q-wave on an ECG.

17
Q

Atherosclerosis can have negative impacts on the heart. What potential diagnosis can develop due to this issue?

A
  1. Angina Pectoris – If coronary arteries are partially occluded.
  2. Myocardial Infarction (MI) – If coronary arteries maximally occlude.
18
Q

Atherosclerosis can have negative impacts on the Brain. What potential diagnosis can develop due to this issue?

A
  • Transient Ishcemic Attack (TIA) – if carotid or cerebral arteries are partially occluded.
  • Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) or stroke – if maximal occlusion occurs
19
Q

Atherosclerosis can have negative impacts on the Peripheral Arteries. What potential diagnosis can develop due to this issue?

A
  • Aneurysm – due to occlusion, rupture, or hemorrhage occurring in the aorta.
  • Peripheral Vascular Disease – including gangrene and amputation – occlusion of the iliac arteries causing LE loss.
20
Q

What is it called when atherosclerosis has reached the coronary arteries?

A

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

21
Q

What is the typical clinical presentation seen with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD).

A
  1. Unstable angina –> resting angina –> new onset angina
  2. Abnormal ECG
  3. Elevated Troponin I
22
Q

Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) is an umbrella term. What diagnosis fall under PVD?

A
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
  • Peipheral Artery Disease (PAD)
22
Q

Define: Arteriosclerosis

A

Subtype of atherosclerosis that affects the arterioles specifically.

23
Q

Define: Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)

A
  1. “Symptoms that signify an Acute MI, as a result of insufficient supply to cardiac muscle”. - Dr. Calvert
  2. “A term that describes a range of conditions related to sudden, reduced blood flow to the heart.” - Mayo Clinic
  3. ACS is just an ‘umbrella term’.
24
Q

Define: Angina

A
  • Also called angina pectoris
  • Increased metabolic demand with not enough blood to supply. - Dr. Calvert
  • A type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart. Angina is a symptom of coronary artery disease - Mayo Clinic
25
Q

True or False:

Angina is considered to be a disease.

A

False, Angina is a SYMPTOM, not a disease.

26
Q

What are the common causes of angina?

A
  1. Demand of myocardium > blood supply = Ishcemia.
  2. Increased oxygen needs of myocardium.
  3. Increased cardiac output
  4. Decreased blood flow to the heart.
27
Q

Define: Angina Equivalent

Provide some examples.

A
  • Everything that is not “chest pain” but still align with a heart issue. - Dr. Calvert
  • A symptom that occurs when there is poor blood flow to the heart, but is not felt in the chest. - Mayo Clinic
  1. Shortness of breath (SOB)
  2. Nausea
  3. Diaphoresis
  4. Pain other than chest
28
Q

What are the different types Angina?

A
  1. Stable Angina
  2. Unstable Angin
  3. Nocturnal Angina
  4. Post-Infarct Angina
  5. Prinzmetal, vasospactic, or variant Angina
  6. Decubitus (resting) Angina
  7. Microvascular Angina
29
Q

Define: Stable Angina

What is the treatment protocol patient with this condition?

A

Stable Angina = chest pain you get during stress, exercise or cold weather, is a warning sign that you have heart disease.

Treatment Protocol = Take vitals & Monitor during treatment.

30
Q

Define: Unstable Angina

What is the treatment protocol patient with this condition?

A

Unstable Angina = a type of angina (chest pain) that happens when your heart muscle doesn’t get as much oxygen-rich blood as it should. This happens because of plaque blockages and, usually, a blood clot in one or more of the arteries that feed your heart (coronary arteries). Your heart muscle can’t get enough blood while a blood clot is blocking your coronary artery. This can lead to permanent heart muscle damage — a heart attack.

Treatment Protocol = STOP; get vitals & compare to previously recorded results.

31
Q

What is the leading cause of Angina

A

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

32
Q

What 4 ‘trigger’ categories can be listed under Angina.

A
  1. Exertional
  2. Vessels
  3. Circulation
  4. Blood
33
Q

What ‘vessel’ pathologies can lead to Angina?

A
  1. Atherosclerosis
  2. Hypertension
  3. Cardiomyopathy
  4. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
34
Q

What ‘circulation’ pathologies can lead to Angina?

A
  1. Arrhythmias
  2. Coronary spasms
  3. Aortic Stenosis
  4. Hypotension
  5. Bleeding
35
Q

What ‘Blood Factor’ pathologies can lead to Angina?

A
  1. Anemia
  2. Hypoxemia
  3. Polycythemia

Clinical Medicine & Pharmacology II (5 decks)

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