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Clinical Medicine & Pharmacology II > 1. Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

1. Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What thoracic cavity does the heart lie?

A

Left Thoracic Cavity

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2
Q

What layer surrounds, protects, and lubricates the heart?

A

Pericardium

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3
Q

What is the large cavity of open space where the heart lies called?

A

Mediastinum

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4
Q

In regards to the MEDIASTINUM, What key structures lie…
* Inferior
* Posterior
* Laterally
* Anteriorly

A
  • Inferior = Diaphragm
  • Posterior = Ribs & Vertebral Column
  • Laterally = Pleural Cavity
  • Anteriorly = Sternum & 3rd-5th Ribs
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5
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A
  • Right Atrium
  • Left Atrium
  • Right Ventricle
  • Left Ventricle
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6
Q

Where is the APEX of the heart?

A

Fifth intercostal space (Ribs 5 & 6)

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7
Q

The 5th intercostal space contains what key component?

A

The APEX of the heart

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8
Q

The 5th intercostal space falls between which ribs?

A

Ribs 5 & 6

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9
Q

What are the thin, fibrous strands of connective tissue that connect the papillary muscles to the mitral leaflets of the hearts AV valves (tricuspid and mitral valves) called?

A

Chordae Tendineae

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10
Q

Which side of the heart is the largest?

A

Left

Left > Right

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11
Q

The Left side of the heart is a ____ pressure system. The Right side of the heart is a ____ pressure system

A

Left = High pressure System

Right = Low pressure System

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12
Q

What are the four layers of cardiac tissue called?

A
  • Endocardium
  • Myocardium
  • Epicardium
  • Pericardium
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13
Q

which layer of the heart is labeled as A

A

Pericardium

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14
Q

which layer of the heart is labeled as B

A

Epicardium

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15
Q

which layer of the heart is labeled as C

A

Myocardium

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16
Q

which layer of the heart is labeled as D

A

Endocardium

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17
Q

Where do the coronary arteries arise from?

A

Right and Left cusps of the aortic valve.

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18
Q

What two branches stem off the “Left Main Coronary Artery”?

A
  • Circumflex Artery
  • Left Anterior Descending (LAD) Artery
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19
Q

What is coronary blood flow? (CBF)

A

The difference between aortic diastolic pressure and the pressure-resisting flow.

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20
Q

What does the term “Coronary” typically refer to?

A

The arteries that are surrounding and supply the heart.

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21
Q

What occurs to BLOOD FLOW when arterial pressure DROPS?

A

Blood flow is diminished to the myocardium. This causes the heart to begin to malfunction.

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22
Q

A: Which artery supplies the RIGHT side of the heart?

B: Which artery supplies the LEFT side of the heart?

A

A: Right Coronary Artery

B: Left Coronary Artery (Main) –> Further divides into the circumflex and Left Anterior Descending arteries.

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23
Q

An injury to which artery would disrupt flow to the left ventricle?

A

Left Anterior Descending (LAD) Artery

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24
Q

Which artery is known as the “Widow Maker”?

A

Left Anterior Descending (LAD) Artery

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25
Q

How is knowledge of coronary blood supply helpful in clinical practice?

A

If you know the implications of a blockage, you can correlate the signs and symptoms that are being presented by the patient and identify where the blockage is.

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26
Q

What are the layers of a coronary artery?

A
  • Adventitia (Outer Layer)
  • Tunica Media (Middle Layer)
  • Tunica Intima (Inner Layer)
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27
Q

What is the outer layer of a coronary artery called?

A

Adventitia

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28
Q

What is the Middle Layer of a coronary artery called?

A

Tunica Media

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29
Q

What is the Inner Layer of a coronary artery called?

A

Tunica Intima

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30
Q

What are the functions of the Adventitia layer of a coronary artery.

A
  • Consists of collagenous fibers (primarily fibroblasts)
  • Provides support structure
  • Involved in repairs of the artery when injured
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31
Q

What are the functions of the Tunica Media layer of a coronary artery.

A
  • Consists of layers of smooth muscle cells.
  • Makes adjustments to luminal diameter through vasomotor tone (VMT).
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32
Q

What are the functions of the Tunica Intima layer of a coronary artery.

A
  • Protects the arterial wall
  • Exchage of gasses and nutrients from the blood.
  • Assissting in the regulation of coagulation.
  • Signaling of any needed inflammatory response.
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33
Q

What is the purpose/function of vasomotor tone in the body?

A

A process that works to keep the artery diameter open or closed which ultimatley influences blood flow.

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34
Q

What bodily issue commonly causes a tear in the tunica intima?

A

Atherosclerosis

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35
Q

which layer of the artery is labeled as A

A

Adventitia

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36
Q

which layer of the artery is labeled as B

A

Tunica Media

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37
Q

which layer of the artery is labeled as C

A

Tunica Intima

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38
Q

How is blood pressure written? (Think about the format)

A

Systolic / Diastolic

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39
Q

What is Systolic blood pressure reading?

A

The pressure in the arteries when the heart is actively pumping blood.

Heart Beating

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40
Q

What is Diastolic blood pressure reading?

A

The pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest

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41
Q

What is the considered the…

“primary driving force moving blood into myocardial tissue”?

A

Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)

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42
Q

What is VMT and what does it determine?

A
  • VMT =
  • The volume of blood passed to the tissue by regulating the caliber of the artery.
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43
Q

What typically results from resistance applied to blood flow?

A

Atherosclerosis

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44
Q

What is LVEDP and what does it measure?

A
  • Left Ventricular End-Diastolic Pressure (LVEDP)
  • Measures the pressure within the ventricle at the end of diastole.
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45
Q

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Blood Pressure will increase with exercise.

A

Systolic

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46
Q

True or False :

Diastolic blood pressure will rise during exercise.

A

False;

Systolic = Rises w/ exercise
Diastolic = Stays the same

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47
Q

True or False

Systolic blood pressure will rise during exercise.

A

True;

Systolic = Rises w/ exercise
Diastolic = Stays the same

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48
Q

Define: Myocardial Oxygen Consumption (MOC)

A

The amount of oxygen the heart requires to function.

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49
Q

MOC = ____ + _____

A

Myocardial Oxygen Consumption = Heart Rate + Stress

(MOC = HR + Stress)

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50
Q

What is the purpose/use of obtaining a Rate Pressure Product (RPP)

A

A measure of myocardial oxygen consumption and is often used to quantify cardiac exercise workload.

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51
Q

What is the formula for Rate Pressure Product?

A

RPP = HR x SBP

RPP = Heart Rate X Systolic Blood Pressure

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52
Q

What is “After Load”, as it pertains to the heart.

A

The pressure the heart must exert to pump blood out of the ventricles during systole or “ventricular contraction”

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53
Q

What two structures are connected via the Tricuspid Valve

A

Connects the right atrium to the right ventrical.

54
Q

What two structures are connected via the Pulmonary Valve

A

Connects the right ventricle to the main pulmonary artery.

55
Q

What two structures are connected via the Mitral Valve

A

Connects the Left Atrium to the Left Ventricle.

56
Q

What two structures are connected via the Aortic Valve

A

Connects the Left Ventricle to the Aorta.

57
Q

Starting with the Superior + Inferior Vena Cava, list the pathway of bloodflow through the heart.

A
  1. Superior vena cava
  2. Inferior vena cava
  3. Right Atrium
  4. Tricuspid Valve
  5. Right Ventricle
  6. Pulmonary Valve
  7. Pulmonary Arteries
  8. Pulmonary veins
  9. Left Atrium
  10. Mitral Valve
  11. Left Ventricle
  12. Aortic Valve
  13. Aorta
58
Q

What 7 structures and/or pathways are involved in bloodflow through the heart contain deoxygenated blood?

A
  1. Superior vena cava
  2. Inferior vena cava
  3. Right Atrium
  4. Tricuspid Valve
  5. Right Ventricle
  6. Pulmonary Valve
  7. Pulmonary Arteries
59
Q

What 6 structures and/or pathways are involved in bloodflow through the heart contain oxygenated blood?

A
  1. Pulmonary Veins
  2. Left Atrium
  3. Mitral Valve
  4. Left Ventricle
  5. Aortic Valve
  6. Aorta
60
Q

Which cell organelle is seen as essential when speaking about oxygen transport and inspiration/expiration?

A

Mitochondria

61
Q

Which component of the heart is typically referred to as the pacemaker of the heart?

A

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

62
Q

What is the bundle of his also known as?

A

AC Bundle

63
Q

What is the role/function of Purkinje Fibers?

A

Excite the right + left ventricles

64
Q

The sinoatrial (SA) node can be found between which two structures?

A

The crista terminalis in the upper wall of the right atrium and the opening of the superior vena cava

65
Q

The Atrioventricular (AV) node can be found between which two structures?

A

The atria and the left and right ventricles

66
Q

What occurs during “Depolarization”

A

Atrial contraction

67
Q

What is the last ‘event’ in diastole?

A

Depolarization (or atrial contraction)

68
Q

When the Sinoatrial (SA) node fires, what occurs in the heart?

A

Depolarization

69
Q

Starting with the AV Node, list the next 3 anatomical structures that become innervated via depolarization

A
  • AV Node
  • Bundle of HIS
  • Bundle Branches
  • Purkinje Fibers
70
Q

True or False;

The Mitral and Tricuspid valves close during diastole

A

False;

The mitral and tricuspid valves close during systole

71
Q

Which nerve is responsible for controlling the PNS?

A

Vagus Nerve (CN X)

72
Q

The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) can be further broken into which two systems?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

Parasympathetic Nervous System

73
Q

Inotropic is used to describe the ____ of something

A

Contractility

74
Q

Chronotropic is used to describe _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

A

The effect on rate or time a physiological process takes.

75
Q

“Fight or Flight” is commonly associated with which branch of the nervous system?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

76
Q

The PNS has ____ chronotropic effects and ____ Iontopic effects.

A

Negative ; Negative

77
Q

The SNS has ____ chronotropic effects and ____ Iontopic effects.

A

Positive ; Positive

78
Q

The ____ Nervous System is responsible for systemic vasoconstriction

A

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)

79
Q

Briefly explain the function of the bodies vascular system.

A

Carries blood and lymph through the body.

80
Q

What 5 divisions are involved in ‘systemic circulation’.

A
  • Arteries
  • Arterioles
  • Capillaries
  • Venules
  • Veins
81
Q

Arteries and Arterioles carry ____ blood.

A

Oxygenated

82
Q

Where does the diffusion of gas occur?

A

Capillaries

83
Q

Veins and Venules carry ____ blood.

A

Deoxygenated

84
Q

Match the definition to the correct structure.

Structures: Arterioles, Veins, Capillaries, Veins

A. Diffusion of Gases
B. Flap like valves, unidirectional flow
C. Regulate blood flow to tissues
D. Recieve deoxygenated blood and metabolic waste

A

A. Diffusion of Gases = Capillaries
B. Flap like valves, unidirectional flow = Veins
C. Regulate blood flow to tissues = Arterioles
D. Recieve deoxygenated blood and metabolic waste = Venules

85
Q

What term(s) is defined as…

“The difference between arterial and venous pressures in the vessels supplying it and its vascular resistance”

A

Atrial Blood Flow

86
Q

Define: Atrial Blood Flow

A

The difference between arterial and venous pressures in the vessels supplying it and its vascular resistance

87
Q

What is the formula for Pulse Pressure?

A

Pulse Pressure = Systolic Blood Pressure - Diastolic Blood Pressure

OR

PP = SBP - DBP

88
Q

In short, what does Mean Arterial Pressure represent?

A

The average BP during a cardiac cycle.

89
Q

A MAP of ____ is needed for tissue perfusion.

A

Greater than 60 is needed for tissue perfusion.

90
Q

What is the formula to calculate Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

A

MAP = DP + 1/3 (SP-DP)

Example:
Blood Pressure = 120/80
1. MAP = 80 + 1/3 (120-80)
2. MAP = 80 + 1/3 (40)
3. MAP = 80 + 13.33
4. MAP = 93

91
Q

What is significant about the “After Load “ and “Stroke Volume “ relationship?

A

After Load and Stroke Volume have an INVERSE relationship.

As one increases the other will decrease; and vice versa.

92
Q

Preload is a term used to represent ____ .

A

Resting Tension (or End Diastolic Volume //// EDV)

93
Q

After load is a term used to represent ____ .

A

The resistance level that the LEFT ventricle has to push against in order to generate blood flow.

94
Q

Define: Ventricular Compliance

A

The measure taken to show how easily a relaxed heart ventricle expands when being filled with blood.

95
Q

What happens to EDV when venticular compliance (VC) is…

  1. Increased
  2. Reduced
A
  1. Increased VC = Increased EDV
  2. Decreased VC = Decreased EDV
96
Q

Define: Ejection Fraction (EF)

A

Written as a percentage;

Used to describe how much blood the left ventricle pumps per contraction.

97
Q

What is the formula used to calculate Ejection Fraction (EF)

A

EF = SV / EDV

EF - Ejection Fraction
SV - Stroke Volume
EDV - End Diastolic Volume

98
Q

What are the function/roles of the arterioles.

A
  • Local Controllers
  • Regulate pressure into the capillaries
99
Q

List the 6 FUNCTIONS of the cardiovascular system.

A
  1. Circulation of blood.
  2. Delivery of oxygen, nutrients, and water.
  3. Circulation of hormones
  4. Regulation of body temperature.
  5. Removal of metabolites
  6. Maintenance of acid-base balance (pH)
100
Q

Define: Cardiac Output

A

The volume of blood pumped by the heart per 1-minute

101
Q

Heart rate is ________ proportional to stroke volume

A

Inversely proportional

102
Q

Cardiac output ALWAYS wants to be in what range?

A

4L - 6L

103
Q

Which of the following functions does the myocardium layer of the heart serve?

A - Forms a continuous lining with the tissue of the valves.
B - Facilitates the pumping action of the heart.
C - Minimizes friction during cardiac contraction.
D - Provides a tough fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue.

A

Question:
Which of the following functions does the myocardium layer of the heart serve?

B - Facilitates the pumping action of the heart.

104
Q

What anatomical structures make up the upper respiratory tract

A
  • Nasal Cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
105
Q

What anatomical structures make up the Lower Respiratory Tract

A
  • Trachea
  • Primary Bronchi
  • Lungs
106
Q

What is the role/function of the Upper Respiratory Tract

A

Humidification

107
Q

What anatomical structure is the PRIMARY driver for humidification?

A

Nasal Cavity

108
Q

Where are goblet cells located and what do they do?

A

Location: Trachea

Function: Produce Mucus which is lined with cilia.

109
Q

What term is defined as…
“Functional unit of the lungs”

A

Acini

(Alveoli, Alveolar sacs and ducts, and respiratory bronchioles)

110
Q

How many lobes are found in the…
- Left Lung
- Right Lung

A
  • Left Lung = 3 Lobes
  • Right Lung = 2 Lobes
111
Q

What muscles are primairly responsible for inspiration?

A
  • Diaphragm
  • External Intercostal
  • Parasternal Intercostal
112
Q

At rest, expiration is _ _ _ _ _ (Passive or Active)

A

Passive

113
Q

Which of the following upper respiratory structures provide humidification?

  1. Larynx
  2. Pharynx
  3. Nasal Cavity
  4. Nasopharynx
A

Which of the following upper respiratory structures provide humidification?

C. Nasal Cavity

114
Q

Which areas of the brain control the respiratory control center and act by responding to CO2 levels?

A
  • Medulla Oblongata
  • Pons
115
Q

Which nervous system, specifically, is responsible for bronchoconstriction?

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)

115
Q

Which nervous system, specifically, is responsible for bronchodilation and SLIGHT vasoconstriction?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

116
Q

Define: Hypoxemia

A

A condition where low oxygen levels are found in the blood.

117
Q

Baroreceptors respond to ….

A

Respond to stretch in arteries.

118
Q

Chemoreceptors respond to…

A

Changes in the chemical envrionment.

119
Q

Regarding hypoxemia, where are the chemoreceptors found?

A

Located in the…
* Carotid
* Aorta

120
Q

What is the purpose of the respiratory control center?

A

located in the brainstem, in the medulla oblongata and pons, and is responsible for controlling breathing on a minute-to-minute basis.

121
Q

Regarding respiration, What bodily components, structures, or properties are responsible for DEFENSE.

A
  • Nasal Cavity
  • Goblet Cells
  • Mucociliary Transport
  • Surfactant Production
  • Alveolar Macrophages
  • Mast Cells
122
Q

What is the purpose of Surfactant?

A
  • Lubricates
  • Reduces tension in the alveoli
123
Q

What structure functions as a humidifier and trap for any foreign bodies attempting to enter the body?

A

Nasal Cavity

124
Q

Mast Cells are responsible for…

A
  • Identifies foreign invaders
  • Identified areas of inflammation

“Gets out and puts the cones everywhere after an accident”

“Mast cells play an important role in how the immune system responds to certain bacteria and parasites and they help control other types of immune responses. They contain chemicals such as histamine, heparin, cytokines, and growth factors.”

125
Q

Mast cells are (Increased / Decreased) in individuals who smoke because … ?

A

Increased; Due to smokers having inflammation all throughout the body which is causing their bodies to INCREASE the amount of Mast Cells being released

126
Q

During Inspiration what happens to the Diaphragm and Intercostal Muscles?

A
  • Diaphragm = Pulls down (due to air pushing it down)
  • Intercostal Muscles = Pull up (to help create more room for air)
127
Q

During Expiration what happens to the Diaphragm and Intercostal Muscles?

A
  • Diaphragm = Relaxes; caused the diaphragm to elevate and essentially make the area smaller.
  • Intercostal muscles = Relax; No need for the extra room any longer since the air is gone.
128
Q

During expiration, what happens to the glottis?

A

The glottis closes, not allowing any more air into the stomach.

129
Q

What happens to the intrathoracic pressure during expiration? Why does this occur?

A
  • Intrathoracic pressure is INCREASED
  • This helps stabilize the core.
130
Q

Partial Pressure is considered a ____ system. Inside this sytem, pressure will travel from ____ to ____.

A
  • Closed System
  • High to low

Clinical Medicine & Pharmacology II (5 decks)

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