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biologu > 3: Carbohydrates > Flashcards

3: Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Molecules that only contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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2
Q

What is the general formula of carbohydrates?

A

Cx(H20)y

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3
Q

What are carbohydrates also known as?

A

Saccharides or sugars

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4
Q

What is a single sugar unit called?

A

Monosaccharide

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5
Q

Give 3 examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose, fructose and ribose

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6
Q

What do two monosaccharides form?

A

Disaccharide

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7
Q

Give 2 examples of disaccharides

A

Lactose, sucrose

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8
Q

What is formed when more than two monosaccharides are linked?

A

Polysaccharide

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9
Q

Give 3 examples of polysaccharides

A

Glycogen, cellulose and starch

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10
Q

What is the chemical formula of glucose?

A

C6H12O6

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11
Q

What is glucose?

A

Hexose monosaccharide

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12
Q

What are the two structural variations of glucose?

A

Alpha glucose and Beta glucose

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13
Q

What is the difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose?

A

Alpha glucose has the hydroxyl group on carbon 1 below the hydrogen whereas beta glucose has the hydroxyl group on carbon 1 above the hydrogen

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14
Q

Why are glucose molecules polar and soluble in water?

A

Hydrogen bonds that form between hydroxyl groups and water molecules

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15
Q

Why is it important that glucose is water soluble?

A

Glucose can be dissolved in the cytosol of the cell

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16
Q

What happens when two alpha glucose molecules are side by side?

A

Condensation reaction occurs as the two hydroxyl groups interact (react)

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17
Q

Why is this called a condensation reaction?

A

Because a water molecule is formed as one of the reaction products

18
Q

What bond forms between two alpha glucose molecules? Where?

A

Glycosidic bond. Between carbons 1 and 4 on the glucose molecules. Therefore, is a 1,4-glycosidic bond

19
Q

What is the product of the condensation reaction between two alpha glucose molecules?

A

Maltose (disaccharide)

20
Q

What is fructose?

A

A hexose monosaccharide that naturally occurs in fruit

21
Q

What is galactose?

A

A hexose monosaccharide

22
Q

What is the product of fructose + glucose?

A

Sucrose (disaccharide)

23
Q

What is the product of galactose + glucose?

A

Lactose

24
Q

What are pentose monosaccharides?

A

Sugars that contain five carbon atoms

25
Q

Where is ribose present?

A

RNA nucleotides

26
Q

Where is deoxyribose present?

A

DNA nucleotides

27
Q

What is starch?

A

Many alpha glucose molecules joined by glycosidic bonds

28
Q

What is the function of starch?

A

Chemical energy store (glucose is stored as starch in plant cells)

29
Q

What is amylose? How is amylose formed?

A

A polysaccharide in starch. Alpha glucose molecules joined together by only 1-4 glycosidic bonds

30
Q

What is amylopectin? How is amylopectin formed?

A

A polysaccharide in starch. Alpha glucose molecules joined together by 1-4 glycosidic bonds and 1-6 glycosidic bonds

31
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Functionally equivalent energy storage molecule to starch in animals and fungi

32
Q

Why is it important that glycogen forms more branches than amylopectin?

A

It is more compact and less space is needed for it to be stored which is important as animals are mobile (unlike plants)

33
Q

What are the key properties of amylopectin and glycogen?

A

Insoluble, branched and compact (therefore ideally suited to storage roles)

34
Q

What is glucose stored as in plants?

A

Starch

35
Q

What is glucose stored as in animals and fungi?

A

Glycogen

36
Q

How is glucose released for respiration?

A

Starch or glycogen undergoes hydrolysis reactions (reverse of condensation reactions that form glycosidic bonds)

37
Q

Why can’t beta glucose molecules bond together in the same way alpha glucose molecules can?

A

Hydroxyl groups on carbon 1 and carbon 4 are too far away to react

38
Q

How can beta glucose molecules join together?

A

Alternate beta glucose molecules are turned upside down

39
Q

What molecule is formed when a polysaccharide is formed from two beta glucose molecules?

A

Cellulose (straight chain molecule)

40
Q

How do cellulose molecules form microfibrils?

A

Cellulose molecules make hydrogen bonds with each other

41
Q

How are macrofibrils formed?

A

Microfibrils join together forming macrofibrils, which combine to produce fibres

42
Q

What are features of the fibres that make up cellulose?

A

Strong, insoluble, used to make cell walls

biologu (14 decks)

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