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Clinical Parasitology Lecture (transes edition) > 3: BLOOD AND TISSUE FLAGELLATES > Flashcards

3: BLOOD AND TISSUE FLAGELLATES Flashcards

1
Q

It can be found in various body fluids including ______________________________.

A

blood, body fluid aspirations, and some in tissues

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2
Q

Younger stages in ________ and mature in

A

tissue, blood

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3
Q

Found in ___

A

CSF

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4
Q

Prevalent in ____________ countries

A

European

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5
Q

It is dependent on the _____________ and clinical symptoms for speciation of the __________.

A

patient history, genera

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6
Q

Mode of transmission is via the ________________________

A

bite of an arthropod vector

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7
Q

Reproduce in the ____

A

tissue

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8
Q

Last stage is _______ (Diagnostic stage)

A

blood

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9
Q

2 LIFE CYCLE STAGES:

A

Vector stages and human stages

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10
Q

4 things to remember.

A
  • Kinetoplast
    o Parabasal body
    o Blepharoblast
  • Nucleus
  • Flagella
  • Undulating membrane
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11
Q

Kinetoplast is composed of

A

o Parabasal body
o Blepharoblast

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12
Q

Size: 5 x 3 um
Shape: Round to oval
Nucleus:One, eccentric
Otherfeatures: Presence of kinetoplast, “dot-like” blepharoplast, and small axoneme
Anterior amastigote – always round to oval
* Kinetoplast is anterior to the nucleus
* No flagella
* No undulating membrane

A

Amastigote

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13
Q

Size: 9 to 15 um
Shape: Long and slender
Nucleus: One, near center
Otherfeatures: Presence of kinetoplast located of anterior end, anterior flagellum
More slender appearance
* Kinetoplast – anterior to nucleus
* Flagella will always be located to the anterior
* No undulating membrane

A

Promastigote

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14
Q

Size: 9 to 15 um
Shape: Long, slightly wider
Nucleus:One, posterior
Other features: Presence of kinetoplast on anterior of nucleus, undulating membrane (1/2 of body length), anterior flagellum
* Kinetoplast is anterior to the nucleus
* With flagella
* With undulating membrane

A

Epimastigote

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15
Q

Size: 12 to 35 um x 2 to 4 um
Shape: C, S, U shaped; long and slender
Nucleus: One, anterior to kinetoplast
Other features: Presence of kinetoplast located of posterior end, undulating
membrane (whole body), anterior flagellum
* Kinetoplast – located at posterior to nucleus
* Anterior Flagella
* Undulating Membrane
(Whole body)

A

Trypomastigote

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16
Q

Leishmania life cycle

A

A - P - P - A

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17
Q

Trypanosoma life cycle

A

T – A – P – E – T - T – A – P – E – T

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18
Q

LEISHMANIA
1. Only ___________ and ____________ stages are present.

A

amastigote & promastigote

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19
Q

LEISHMANIA
Infective form of vector is _____________.

A

amastigote

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20
Q

LEISHMANIA
3. Infective form of human is __________.

A

promastigote

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21
Q

LEISHMANIA
4. End stage is ________________.

A

promastigote

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22
Q

Trypanosoma
1. __________ only exhibits the four stages of develomental life cycle, while the other trypanosoma only has epimastigote and
trypomastigote.

A

T. Cruzi

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23
Q

_________ develops in the tissues

A

A P E

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24
Q

_ goes into the blood circulation

A

T

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25
Q

E and T only

A

T E T – T E T

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26
Q

Leishmania donovani complex Old World:

A

L. donovani, L. infantum

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27
Q

Leishmania donovani complex New World:

A

L. chagasi

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28
Q

Vector

A

Sandfly

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29
Q

Other leishmania spp.

A

Phlebotomous

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30
Q

L. Chagasi vector

A

Luztomiya

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31
Q

Leishmania tropica complex

A

L. tropica, L. aethiopica, L. major

32
Q

Leishmania mexicana complex

A

L. mexicana, L. amazonensis, L.
venezuelensis, L. pifanoi, L. garnhami

33
Q

Leishmania Viannia braziliensis complex

A

L. (V.) braziliensis, L. (V.) panamensis, L.
(V.) peruviana, L. (V.) guyanensi

34
Q

Most common form of leishmaniasis

A

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL)

35
Q

Synonyms of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL)

A

Delhi boils, Baghdad boils, Jericho boils, Jericho buttons, Orientalsore, Oriental button, Aleppo button

36
Q

main causative agents of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL)

A

L tropica complex and L. Mexicana complex

37
Q

dry or urban oriental sore

A

L.tropica

38
Q

-moist or rural oriental sore

A

L. Major

39
Q

chiclero ulcer or bay sore

A

L. Mexicna

40
Q

Anergic or Lepromatousleishmaniasis

A

Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

41
Q

Localized, non-ulcerating papule, eventually developing numerous diffuse satellite lesions.

A

Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

42
Q

Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Initially diagnosed as

A

lepromatous leprosy.

43
Q

one of the causative agent of Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

L. Pifanoi

44
Q

Localized, non-ulcerating papule, eventually developing numerous diffuse satellite lesions.

A

L. Pifanoi

45
Q

American Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis, Forest Yaws, Pian Bois,
Espundia, Bubas, Uta

A

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

46
Q

Involvement of the mucous membranes of the nasal and oral cavities resulting
in nasal disease processes and destruction of the nasal septum.

A

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

47
Q

main causative agent of Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

L. Braziliensis

48
Q

Kala Azar Fever, Black Fever, Dum Dum Fever, Post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL)

A

Visceral Leishmaniasis

49
Q

Most severe form of leishmaniasis

A

Visceral Leishmaniasis

50
Q

Characterized by fever, weakness, loss of appetite, weight loss, hemorrhage, and enlargement of the abdomen associated
with hepatosplenomegaly (enlargement of liver and spleen.

A

Visceral Leishmaniasis

51
Q

main causative agents of Visceral Leishmaniasis

A

L.donovani complex

52
Q

Primary treatment of Leishmania spp.

A
  • Sodium stibogluconate (Pentosam)
  • Meglumine (n-methyl-glucamine; Glucantime)
53
Q

In cases of resistance:

A
  • Amphotericin B (IV)
  • Miltefosine – VL visceral leishmaniasis .
  • Pentamidine – VL; limited use due to side effects
54
Q

Trypanosoma species

A
  • Trypanosoma cruzi
  • Trypanosoma brucei complex
    o Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
    o Trypanosoma brucei rhodosiense
    o Trypanosona brucei brucei (cattles)
  • Trypanosoma rangeli (non-pathogenic)
55
Q

VECTOR of Trypanosoma spp.

A

TRIATOME BUG (for t. Cruzi only) (reduviid or kissing bug -saliva) or TSETSE FLY (feces) (for other spp.)

56
Q

t. Cruzi vector

A

TRIATOME BUG

57
Q

for other spp. vector (Trypanosoma spp.)

A

TSETSE FLY

58
Q

Synonyms: Chaga’s Disease
Discovered by charles chaga

A

American Trypanosomiasis

59
Q

Initial symptom of American Trypanosomiasis

A

chagoma (erythematous nodule)

60
Q

If inoculation through ocular mucosa: _______________ (conjunctivitis and unilateral edema of the eyelids)

A

romanas sign

61
Q

Disease may develop enlargement of the heart and/or colon.

A

American Trypanosomiasis

62
Q

main causative agent of American Trypanosomiasis

A

T. Cruzi

63
Q

Synonyms: African Sleeping Sickness

A

Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT)

64
Q
  • Causes somnolence in patients
  • Persistent infetion may cause coma.
A

Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT)

65
Q

Causative agents of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT)

A
  • Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
  • Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
66
Q

Gambian Trypanosomiasis/West African sleeping sickness

A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

67
Q

Rhodesian Trypanosomiasis/East Africa sleeping sickness

A

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense:

68
Q

Eschar (chancre), Winterbottom’s sign, Kerandel’s sign (late pain sensation)

A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

69
Q

o Much more virulent than T. gambiense
o Lymphadenopathy is absent.

A

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense:

70
Q

Parasites proliferate in the blood stream and
lymphatics.

A

Hemolymphatic stage

71
Q
  • Winterbottom’ssign occurs(for T. __________)
  • Fever, headache, muscle pain, and heart involvement.
  • Lasts for 1 to 6 months.
A

Early phase, gambiense

72
Q

Involvement of the CNS

A

Meningoencephalitic stage

73
Q
  • Manifest for 3 to 10 months in T. gambiense and only a few weeks for T. rhodesiense.
  • Kerandel’s sign occur.
  • Somnolence manifests, followed by deep coma.
A

Late phase

74
Q

Treatment of First stages

A
  • IV suramin sodium
  • IM pentamidine (for Gambian)
75
Q

Treatment of CNS involvement

A
  • IV melarsoprol
    o Side effect: Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (lysis of trypanosome)
  • Nitrofurazoine (alternative)
  • Eflornithine (lesstoxic than nitrofurazoine; only for T. gambiense)
76
Q

lysis of trypanosome

A

Side effect: Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction

Clinical Parasitology Lecture (transes edition) (3 decks)

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