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Clinical Parasitology Lecture (transes edition) > 1: PHYLUM PROTOZOA > Flashcards

1: PHYLUM PROTOZOA Flashcards

1
Q

Single cell

A

Unicellular protists

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2
Q

Protozoa are classified under Kingdom

A

Protista

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3
Q

Lack Cell wall

A

True

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4
Q

Contains an outer membrane called

A

periplast

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5
Q

Cytoplasm containstwo regions

A

Ectoplasm – Outer region
Endoplasm – Inner region, contains the organelles of the parasite.

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6
Q

Most distinguishable is their

A

RNA

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7
Q

________ present are responsible for dissolving debris for food and storage for vacuole.

A

Enzymes

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8
Q
  • Dissolve food particles for nourishment
  • Are secreted for pathogenesis to facilitate infection (e.g ulceration of small
    intestine)
A

Hyaluronidase

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9
Q
  • Inside of the nucleus
  • mass of chromatin or genetic materials.
  • Can be centrally or eccentrically located.
  • Can be small and large.
A

Karyosome

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10
Q

short hair projections

A

Cilia

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11
Q

Long hair projections

A

Flagella

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12
Q

Outer membrane extensions

A

Pseudopods (false foot)

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13
Q

Primitive mouth

A

Cytostome

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14
Q

Anus of the parasite

A

Cytopyge

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15
Q
  1. Dormant, survival stage
    * non – motile
    * non – feeding
    * non-reproducing
  2. Infective stage
  3. Well formed-stool
A

CYST

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16
Q

Conditions to become trophozoite (Excystatation)

A
  • Temperature
  • pH
  • Moisture
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17
Q
  1. Feeding/vegetative
  2. Repreducing/replicating/dividing
  3. Motile
  4. Watery stool – due to moisture
A

TROPHOZOITE

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18
Q

Absence of the following will induce encystation (trophozoite to
cyst)

A
  • Temperature
  • PH
  • Moisture
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19
Q

Cyst and trophozoite stage. What is IS?

A

Cyst

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20
Q

Trophozoite only. What is IS?

A

Trophozoite

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21
Q

Acanthamoeba spp. What is IS?

A

Trophozoite

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22
Q

Entamoeba histolytica causes

A

intestinal and extraintestinal amoebiasis (amoebic dysentry)

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23
Q

Entamoeba histolytica incubation period:

A

highly variable. Can range from 4 days to 4 months

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24
Q

Entamoeba histolytica IS

A

Mature quadrinucleate cyst passed in feces of convalscents and carriers.

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25
Q

Entamoeba histolytica habitat

A

Colon

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26
Q

Entamoeba histolytica MOT

A

swallowing food and water contaminated with cysts

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27
Q

Size (E. histo - C)

A

10-20 μm

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28
Q

Peripheral chromatin (E. histo - C)

A

fine even peripheral chromatin

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29
Q

Nuclei

A

1-4 nuclei

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30
Q

Nucleus are divided by

A

mitosis

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31
Q

nuclear membrane (E. histo - C)

A

Thin

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32
Q

Mass of rna

A

chromatoid bodies or chromotoidal bars

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33
Q

chromatoid bodies (E. histo - C)

A

Cigar shaped

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34
Q
  • Resistant to gastric acidity and desiccation.
  • Encyst in the small intestine liberating 8
    trophozoites the proceeds to the colon
A

E. histolytica cyst

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35
Q

Size (E. histo - T)

A

10-60 μm

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36
Q
  • With finger-like, sharply pointed pseudopods
  • Progressive, rapid and unidirectional movement
  • With fine even peripheral chromatin
  • Cytoplasm: ground glass appearance
  • Hallmark: presence of ingested RBCs
  • Appearance of Karyosome: Bull’s eye karyosome
A

E. histolytica trophozoite

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37
Q

Trophozite are reproduced by

A

binary fission

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38
Q

(1) stools are large, foul-smelling (Fishy odor), and brownish black
(2) with blood-streaked mucus intermingled with feces.
(3) The RBCs in stools are clumped and reddish-brown in color.
(4) Presence of Charcot – Leyden crystals (spindle shaped)
* Disintegration of eosinophils
(5) Brownish color of stool - upper gastrointestinal tract.
(6) Reddish color of stool – Lower gastrointestinal tract.
(7) Borborygmus

A

Intestinal
Amoebiasis
(Amebic Colitis,
Amebic Dysentery
Fulminant
Dysentery /
Amebiasis)

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39
Q

(1) Liver abscess
(2) Contains thick chocolate brown pus (Anchovy sauce pus)
(3) Undergoes histopathologic examination
(4) Hepatocytes – flask shaped lesions
(5) Jaundice

A

Hepatic Amoebiasis (Amebic liver abscess ALA)

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40
Q

Laboratory Diagnosis of E. histo

A
  • Wet Preparation
  • Permanent Staining Technique
  • TYI – S – 33
  • ELISA
  • Indirect hemagglutination
  • Gel diffusion precipitin
  • Indirect immunofluorescence
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41
Q

Treatment of E. histo

A
  • Paramomycin,
  • Diloxanide furoate (Furamide)
  • Metronidazole (Flagyl)
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42
Q

Size (E. coli - C)

A

10–30 μm

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43
Q
  • With a prominent glycogen mass in the early stage.
  • The chromatoid bodies are splinter-like and irregular.
  • The mature cyst has 8 nuclei and can range up to 16.
  • Karyosome is large and eccentrically located.
A

E. coli - C

44
Q

Size (E. coli - T)

A

20–50 μm

45
Q
  • with sluggish motility and contains ingested bacteria but no red cells
  • nucleus is clearly visible.
  • Thick nuclear membrane lined with coarse granules of chromatin
A

E. coli - T

46
Q

Size (E. harmanni - C)

A

5–10 μm

47
Q

Size (E. harmanni - T)

A

4–12 μm

48
Q
  • Resembles E. histolytica
  • Irregularly shaped
  • Previously called as “small rays of E. histolytica”
A

Entamoeba hartmanni - C

49
Q
  • Trophzoites do not ingest red blood cells.
  • Motility is less vigorous
A

Entamoeba hartmanni - T

50
Q

Clinical Manifestation of E. polecki

A
  • Diarrhea
51
Q

Treatment of E. polecki

A
  • Metronidazole (Flagyl)
  • Diloxanide (furamide)
  • Albendazole
52
Q

Size (E. polecki - C)

A

10 – 20 μm

53
Q

Size (E. polecki - T)

A

8-25 μm

54
Q
  • Shape: spherical to oval
  • contains one nucleus
  • Granular cytoplasm
  • Has chromatoid bars – Y shaped (not confirmed)
  • More commensal in monkeys.
A

E. polecki Cyst

55
Q
  • Motility:
  • Normal Stool: sluggish and nonprogressive
  • Diarrheal Stool: Progressive, unidirectional
  • Granular and vacuolated cytoplasm
  • May contain ingested bacteria and other
    food particles
A

E. polecki Trophozoite

56
Q

Size (Endolimax nana - C)

A

4-12 μm

57
Q

Size (Endolimax nana - T)

A

5-12 μm

58
Q
  • Shape: Spherical, ovoid, ellipsoid
  • Nuclei: 1-4
  • Karyosome is large, blot like and usually central
  • Chromatoid bars are NOT present
A

Endolimax nana cyst

59
Q
  • Motility: Sluggish, nonprogressive, blunt
    pseudopods
  • Nuclei: 1
  • Karyosome is large, irregular, and blot like
A

Endolimax nana trophozoite

60
Q

Iodine-loving parasite

A

Iodamoeba butschlii

61
Q

Size (Iodamoeba butschlii - C)

A

5-22 μm

62
Q

Size (Iodamoeba butschlii - T)

A

8-22 μm

63
Q
  • Shape: Ovoid, ellipsoid, triangular, othershapes
  • Nuclei: 1
  • Large karyosome, eccentric achromatic (cannot take
    up the stain) granules on one side
  • Cytoplasm is well defined glycogen mass
A

Iodamoeba butschlii cyst

64
Q
  • Shape: sluggish, usually progressive
  • Nuclei: 1
  • Large karyosome that is usually with central
    refractive achromatic granules
  • Cytoplasm may contain bacteria, yeasts and other
    debris.
A

Iodamoeba butschlii trophozoite

65
Q

this entamoeba spp. has no cyst stage

A

E. gingivalis

66
Q

Size (E. gingivalis)

A

8 – 20 um

67
Q
  • Motility – Active,varying pseudopod appearance
  • Nuclei: 1
  • Karyosome: Centrally Located
  • Laboratory Diagnosis: Mouth scrapings
A

E. gingivalis trophozoite

68
Q

Causes Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)

A

Naegleria fowleri

69
Q

brain infection that leads to destruction of brain tissue.

A

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)

70
Q

Heat-loving amoeba that thrives in warm water at low oxygen tension and is commonly found in warm freshwater and soil

A

Naegleria fowleri

71
Q

Thermophilic

A

warm water/soil loving

72
Q

Cell wall of parasite has

A

Ergosterol

73
Q

mechanism of actions are inhibiting the ergoterol production thus
leaking the membrane of the parasite.

A

Amphotericin b and rifampin are antibiotics

74
Q

– inhibits the rna synthesis.

A

Amphotericin B and miconazole

75
Q

only amoeba with 3 morphologic forms (Amoeboflagellate) – cysts, trophozoite and flagellate

A

Naegleria fowleri

76
Q

Laboratory Diagnosis of Naegleria fowleri

A

Microscopic examination of cerebrospinal fluid

77
Q

cerebrospinal fluid is acquired from

A

Spinal tap (usually clear, and turbid if there is infection)

78
Q

Naegleria fowleri cyst

A

Size: 9 – 12 um
Shape: Round with thick cell walls

79
Q

Size: 8 – 22 um
Motility: sluglike with blunt
pseudopods.

A

Naegleria fowleri trophozoite

80
Q

Naegleria fowleri flagellate

A

Size: 7 to 15 um
Shape: Pear shape flagellate
Flagella: 2 whip like structure
Motility: Jerky movement or spinning
or corkscrew movement.

81
Q

Primary Amebic
Meningoencephalitis

A

(1) Causesrapid tissue destruction
(2) Fever, headache, sore throat, nausea and vomiting
(3) Meningitis – stiff neck and seizures
(4) Kernig’s sign (Stiffness of the muscle) – diagnostic sign
(5) Smell and taste alterations
(6) In untreated patients, death usually occurs 3 to 6 days after onset.

82
Q

diagnostic sign of N. fowleri

A

Kernig’s sign (Stiffness of the muscle)

83
Q

Treatment of N. fowleri

A
  • Samples of tissues and nasal discharge
  • Medications used to trear meningitis and amebic infections are ineffective..
  • Amphotericin B in combination with rifampin or miconazole.
84
Q

Acanthamoeba spp. Causes:

A

Granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE) and Acanthamoeba keratitis

85
Q

Acanthamoeba spp. MOT

A

aspiration or nasal inhalation of the organisms or through ulcers in the mucosa or skin.

86
Q

Acanthamoeba sp. often migrate via __________________.

A

hematogenous spread

87
Q

Acanthamoeba ________________ often infects humans

A

castellani

88
Q
  • Size: 8-15 um
  • Dormant stage
  • Cyst wall: with ectocyst and endocyst
  • Encystment – process by which organisms adopt the
    dormant and highly resistant stage of cyst.
A

Acanthamoeba spp. cyst

89
Q
  • Size: 12-45 μm
  • Motility: sluggish with spinelike pseudopods
    (Acanthopodia)
  • “Acanth” – spikes
  • Infective form
A

Acanthamoeba spp. trophozoite

90
Q

process by which organisms adopt the
dormant and highly resistant stage of cyst.

A

Encystment

91
Q

(1) Headaches,seizures, stiff neck, nausea, and vomiting
(2) Gradual

A

Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis

92
Q

(1) Severe ocular pain and vision problems
(2) May result to loss of vision
(3) The parasites infects the cornea.
(4) Can be transmitted in the contact lenses solution.

A

Acanthamoeba keratitis

93
Q

Laboratory Diagnosis of Acanthamoeba spp.

A

Microscopic examination of stained smears of biopsy speciments.

94
Q

Treatment of GAE

A

sulfamethazine

95
Q

Treatment of A. keratitis

A

Itraconazole, Ketonazole, Miconazole, Propamidine *, Isethianate, and Rifampin

96
Q

→ Previously considered a yeast (spores) , but recently it has been reclassified as a protozoan
→ found in large intestine of humans
Commonly found in immunocompromised patients.

A

Blastocystis hominis

97
Q

Blastocystis hominis – seen in old cultures

A

Granular

98
Q

Blastocystis hominis – seen in stool specimens

A

Vacuolated

99
Q

Blastocystis hominis – occasionally seen in feces

A

Amoeboid

100
Q

Associated with diarrhea

A

Blastocystis hominis

101
Q

→ Previously considered as an amoeba but has now been reclassified as an amoeboflagellate.
→It is unique as it has only trophozoite stage but no cyst stage.

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

102
Q

→ “Dientamoeba”

A

binucleated nature of trophozoite

103
Q

“Fragilis”

A

fragmented appearance of it nuclear chromatin.

104
Q

The most common intestinal protozoan parasite in Canada.

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

105
Q

Enterobius vermicularis may serve as its vector.

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

Clinical Parasitology Lecture (transes edition) (3 decks)

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