1: PHYLUM PROTOZOA Flashcards
1
Q
Single cell
A
Unicellular protists
2
Q
Protozoa are classified under Kingdom
A
Protista
3
Q
Lack Cell wall
A
True
4
Q
Contains an outer membrane called
A
periplast
5
Q
Cytoplasm containstwo regions
A
Ectoplasm – Outer region
Endoplasm – Inner region, contains the organelles of the parasite.
6
Q
Most distinguishable is their
A
RNA
7
Q
________ present are responsible for dissolving debris for food and storage for vacuole.
A
Enzymes
8
Q
- Dissolve food particles for nourishment
- Are secreted for pathogenesis to facilitate infection (e.g ulceration of small
intestine)
A
Hyaluronidase
9
Q
- Inside of the nucleus
- mass of chromatin or genetic materials.
- Can be centrally or eccentrically located.
- Can be small and large.
A
Karyosome
10
Q
short hair projections
A
Cilia
11
Q
Long hair projections
A
Flagella
12
Q
Outer membrane extensions
A
Pseudopods (false foot)
13
Q
Primitive mouth
A
Cytostome
14
Q
Anus of the parasite
A
Cytopyge
15
Q
- Dormant, survival stage
* non – motile
* non – feeding
* non-reproducing - Infective stage
- Well formed-stool
A
CYST
16
Q
Conditions to become trophozoite (Excystatation)
A
- Temperature
- pH
- Moisture
17
Q
- Feeding/vegetative
- Repreducing/replicating/dividing
- Motile
- Watery stool – due to moisture
A
TROPHOZOITE
18
Q
Absence of the following will induce encystation (trophozoite to
cyst)
A
- Temperature
- PH
- Moisture
19
Q
Cyst and trophozoite stage. What is IS?
A
Cyst
20
Q
Trophozoite only. What is IS?
A
Trophozoite
21
Q
Acanthamoeba spp. What is IS?
A
Trophozoite
22
Q
Entamoeba histolytica causes
A
intestinal and extraintestinal amoebiasis (amoebic dysentry)
23
Q
Entamoeba histolytica incubation period:
A
highly variable. Can range from 4 days to 4 months
24
Q
Entamoeba histolytica IS
A
Mature quadrinucleate cyst passed in feces of convalscents and carriers.
25
Entamoeba histolytica habitat
Colon
26
Entamoeba histolytica MOT
swallowing food and water contaminated with cysts
27
Size (E. histo - C)
10-20 μm
28
Peripheral chromatin (E. histo - C)
fine even peripheral chromatin
29
Nuclei
1-4 nuclei
30
Nucleus are divided by
mitosis
31
nuclear membrane (E. histo - C)
Thin
32
Mass of rna
chromatoid bodies or chromotoidal bars
33
chromatoid bodies (E. histo - C)
Cigar shaped
34
- Resistant to gastric acidity and desiccation.
- Encyst in the small intestine liberating 8
trophozoites the proceeds to the colon
E. histolytica cyst
35
Size (E. histo - T)
10-60 μm
36
* With finger-like, sharply pointed pseudopods
* Progressive, rapid and unidirectional movement
* With fine even peripheral chromatin
* Cytoplasm: ground glass appearance
* Hallmark: presence of ingested RBCs
* Appearance of Karyosome: Bull’s eye karyosome
E. histolytica trophozoite
37
Trophozite are reproduced by
binary fission
38
(1) stools are large, foul-smelling (Fishy odor), and brownish black
(2) with blood-streaked mucus intermingled with feces.
(3) The RBCs in stools are clumped and reddish-brown in color.
(4) Presence of Charcot – Leyden crystals (spindle shaped)
* Disintegration of eosinophils
(5) Brownish color of stool - upper gastrointestinal tract.
(6) Reddish color of stool – Lower gastrointestinal tract.
(7) Borborygmus
Intestinal
Amoebiasis
(Amebic Colitis,
Amebic Dysentery
Fulminant
Dysentery /
Amebiasis)
39
(1) Liver abscess
(2) Contains thick chocolate brown pus (Anchovy sauce pus)
(3) Undergoes histopathologic examination
(4) Hepatocytes – flask shaped lesions
(5) Jaundice
Hepatic Amoebiasis (Amebic liver abscess ALA)
40
Laboratory Diagnosis of E. histo
* Wet Preparation
* Permanent Staining Technique
* TYI – S – 33
* ELISA
* Indirect hemagglutination
* Gel diffusion precipitin
* Indirect immunofluorescence
41
Treatment of E. histo
* Paramomycin,
* Diloxanide furoate (Furamide)
* Metronidazole (Flagyl)
42
Size (E. coli - C)
10–30 μm
43
* With a prominent glycogen mass in the early stage.
* The chromatoid bodies are splinter-like and irregular.
* The mature cyst has 8 nuclei and can range up to 16.
* Karyosome is large and eccentrically located.
E. coli - C
44
Size (E. coli - T)
20–50 μm
45
* with sluggish motility and contains ingested bacteria but no red cells
* nucleus is clearly visible.
* Thick nuclear membrane lined with coarse granules of chromatin
E. coli - T
46
Size (E. harmanni - C)
5–10 μm
47
Size (E. harmanni - T)
4–12 μm
48
- Resembles E. histolytica
* Irregularly shaped
* Previously called as “small rays of E. histolytica”
Entamoeba hartmanni - C
49
* Trophzoites do not ingest red blood cells.
* Motility is less vigorous
Entamoeba hartmanni - T
50
Clinical Manifestation of E. polecki
* Diarrhea
51
Treatment of E. polecki
* Metronidazole (Flagyl)
* Diloxanide (furamide)
* Albendazole
52
Size (E. polecki - C)
10 – 20 μm
53
Size (E. polecki - T)
8-25 μm
54
* Shape: spherical to oval
* contains one nucleus
* Granular cytoplasm
* Has chromatoid bars – Y shaped (not confirmed)
* More commensal in monkeys.
E. polecki Cyst
55
* Motility:
* Normal Stool: sluggish and nonprogressive
* Diarrheal Stool: Progressive, unidirectional
* Granular and vacuolated cytoplasm
* May contain ingested bacteria and other
food particles
E. polecki Trophozoite
56
Size (Endolimax nana - C)
4-12 μm
57
Size (Endolimax nana - T)
5-12 μm
58
* Shape: Spherical, ovoid, ellipsoid
* Nuclei: 1-4
* Karyosome is large, blot like and usually central
* Chromatoid bars are NOT present
Endolimax nana cyst
59
* Motility: Sluggish, nonprogressive, blunt
pseudopods
* Nuclei: 1
* Karyosome is large, irregular, and blot like
Endolimax nana trophozoite
60
Iodine-loving parasite
Iodamoeba butschlii
61
Size (Iodamoeba butschlii - C)
5-22 μm
62
Size (Iodamoeba butschlii - T)
8-22 μm
63
* Shape: Ovoid, ellipsoid, triangular, othershapes
* Nuclei: 1
* Large karyosome, eccentric achromatic (cannot take
up the stain) granules on one side
* Cytoplasm is well defined glycogen mass
Iodamoeba butschlii cyst
64
* Shape: sluggish, usually progressive
* Nuclei: 1
* Large karyosome that is usually with central
refractive achromatic granules
* Cytoplasm may contain bacteria, yeasts and other
debris.
Iodamoeba butschlii trophozoite
65
this entamoeba spp. has no cyst stage
E. gingivalis
66
Size (E. gingivalis)
8 – 20 um
67
* Motility – Active,varying pseudopod appearance
* Nuclei: 1
* Karyosome: Centrally Located
* Laboratory Diagnosis: Mouth scrapings
E. gingivalis trophozoite
68
Causes Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)
Naegleria fowleri
69
brain infection that leads to destruction of brain tissue.
Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)
70
Heat-loving amoeba that thrives in warm water at low oxygen tension and is commonly found in warm freshwater and soil
Naegleria fowleri
71
Thermophilic
warm water/soil loving
72
Cell wall of parasite has
Ergosterol
73
mechanism of actions are inhibiting the ergoterol production thus
leaking the membrane of the parasite.
Amphotericin b and rifampin are antibiotics
74
– inhibits the rna synthesis.
Amphotericin B and miconazole
75
only amoeba with 3 morphologic forms (Amoeboflagellate) – cysts, trophozoite and flagellate
Naegleria fowleri
76
Laboratory Diagnosis of Naegleria fowleri
Microscopic examination of cerebrospinal fluid
77
cerebrospinal fluid is acquired from
Spinal tap (usually clear, and turbid if there is infection)
78
Naegleria fowleri cyst
Size: 9 – 12 um
Shape: Round with thick cell walls
79
Size: 8 – 22 um
Motility: sluglike with blunt
pseudopods.
Naegleria fowleri trophozoite
80
Naegleria fowleri flagellate
Size: 7 to 15 um
Shape: Pear shape flagellate
Flagella: 2 whip like structure
Motility: Jerky movement or spinning
or corkscrew movement.
81
Primary Amebic
Meningoencephalitis
(1) Causesrapid tissue destruction
(2) Fever, headache, sore throat, nausea and vomiting
(3) Meningitis – stiff neck and seizures
(4) Kernig’s sign (Stiffness of the muscle) – diagnostic sign
(5) Smell and taste alterations
(6) In untreated patients, death usually occurs 3 to 6 days after onset.
82
diagnostic sign of N. fowleri
Kernig’s sign (Stiffness of the muscle)
83
Treatment of N. fowleri
* Samples of tissues and nasal discharge
* Medications used to trear meningitis and amebic infections are ineffective..
* Amphotericin B in combination with rifampin or miconazole.
84
Acanthamoeba spp. Causes:
Granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE) and Acanthamoeba keratitis
85
Acanthamoeba spp. MOT
aspiration or nasal inhalation of the organisms or through ulcers in the mucosa or skin.
86
Acanthamoeba sp. often migrate via __________________.
hematogenous spread
87
Acanthamoeba ________________ often infects humans
castellani
88
* Size: 8-15 um
* Dormant stage
* Cyst wall: with ectocyst and endocyst
* Encystment – process by which organisms adopt the
dormant and highly resistant stage of cyst.
Acanthamoeba spp. cyst
89
* Size: 12-45 μm
* Motility: sluggish with spinelike pseudopods
(Acanthopodia)
* “Acanth” – spikes
* Infective form
Acanthamoeba spp. trophozoite
90
process by which organisms adopt the
dormant and highly resistant stage of cyst.
Encystment
91
(1) Headaches,seizures, stiff neck, nausea, and vomiting
(2) Gradual
Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis
92
(1) Severe ocular pain and vision problems
(2) May result to loss of vision
(3) The parasites infects the cornea.
(4) Can be transmitted in the contact lenses solution.
Acanthamoeba keratitis
93
Laboratory Diagnosis of Acanthamoeba spp.
Microscopic examination of stained smears of biopsy speciments.
94
Treatment of GAE
sulfamethazine
95
Treatment of A. keratitis
Itraconazole, Ketonazole, Miconazole, Propamidine *, Isethianate, and Rifampin
96
→ Previously considered a yeast (spores) , but recently it has been reclassified as a protozoan
→ found in large intestine of humans
Commonly found in immunocompromised patients.
Blastocystis hominis
97
Blastocystis hominis – seen in old cultures
Granular
98
Blastocystis hominis – seen in stool specimens
Vacuolated
99
Blastocystis hominis – occasionally seen in feces
Amoeboid
100
Associated with diarrhea
Blastocystis hominis
101
→ Previously considered as an amoeba but has now been reclassified as an amoeboflagellate.
→It is unique as it has only trophozoite stage but no cyst stage.
Dientamoeba fragilis
102
→ “Dientamoeba”
binucleated nature of trophozoite
103
“Fragilis”
fragmented appearance of it nuclear chromatin.
104
The most common intestinal protozoan parasite in Canada.
Dientamoeba fragilis
105
Enterobius vermicularis may serve as its vector.
Dientamoeba fragilis
