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Clinical Parasitology Lecture (transes edition) > 2: FLAGELLATES AND CILIATES > Flashcards

2: FLAGELLATES AND CILIATES Flashcards

1
Q

PHYLUM ____________
SUBPHYLUM __________________
CLASS _________________

A

PROTOZOA
MASTIGOPHORA
ZOOMASTIGOPHORA

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2
Q

No known cyst stage (in several species) but some have cyst and trophozoite life cycle.

A

True

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3
Q

____ are more resistant if two morphological characteristics. Trophozoite if trophozoite only.

A

Cyst

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4
Q

___________________ are considered to be more resistant to destructive forces and in the outside environment in species with no
known cyst stage.

A

Trophozoites

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5
Q

Intestine (Flagellates)

A

Giardia intestinalis
Retortamonas intestinalis
Enteromonas hominis
Chilomastix mesnili
Dientamoeba fragilis
Pentatrichomonas hominis

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6
Q

Buccal cavity (Flagellates)

A

Trichomonas tenax

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7
Q

Urogential tract (Flagellates)

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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8
Q

Intestine (Ciliate)

A

Balatidium coli

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9
Q

whip-like structures; for movement.

A

Flagella/Flagellum

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10
Q

Fin-like structure connected at the outer edge of some flagellates. Support movement along with flagella.

A

Undulating membrane

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11
Q

basal fiber supporting the undulating membrane.

A

Costa

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12
Q

Rod-like support structure found in some flagellates. Support the movement of flagella.

A

Axostyle

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13
Q

microtubules; mechanical part of flagellates.

A

Axoneme

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14
Q

GENERAL LIFE CYCLE: FLAGELLATES AND CILIATES

A

CYST
HUMAN
TROPHOZOITE
CYST

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15
Q

Giardia intestinalis Previous name:

A

Cercomonas intestinalis

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16
Q

Giardia intestinalis Synonym:

A

Giardia lamblia, giardia duodenalis

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17
Q

Originally observed by Anton Von Leeuwenhoek on his own stool.

A

1681

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18
Q

1859 & 1895 - First described by ____________________ and called it Cercomonas intestinalis and 1895 – ___________________.

A

Dr. Vilem Dusan lambl & Dr. Alfred Giard

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19
Q

Dr. Stiles renamed it as Giardia lamblia in honor of the discoverer.

A

1915

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20
Q

Size: 8 to 17 um x 6 to 10 um
Shape: Oval
Nucleus: 2 for mature cyst, with four central karyosomes, no peripheral chromatin
Cytoplasm: Retracted from cell wall creating a clear zone.
Other features: Median bodies – act as a support in cyst. Interior flagellar structure

A

G. intestinalis cyst

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21
Q

Size: 8 to 20 um x 5 to 16 um
Shape: Pear-shaped,teardrop-shaped, old man’s glasses
Nucleus: 2 ovoid-shaped, with large karyosome, no peripheral chromatin
Flagella: 4 pairs
Other features: Median bodies* - are also used for support
Axonemes
Sucking disc* - attach in intestinal mucosa and manifest pathogenesis; are
also used for nourishment.

A

G. intestinalis trophozoite

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22
Q

Resemblance of giardia intestinalis trophozoite

A
  • Old man with glasses
  • Old man with whiskers
  • Cartoon character
  • Monkey’s face
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23
Q

3 pathologic forms of giardia intestinalis

A
  1. Villous flattening – Flatenning of microvilli
  2. Crypt hypertrophy
  3. Enterocyte apoptosis (programed cell death)
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24
Q

Clinical manifestations of giardia intestinalis

A
  • May often show asymptomatic.
  • Traveler’s Diarrhea – most common amebiasis
  • Most pathogenic amebiasis – amebic colitis
  • Mild diarrhea
  • Flatulence – “rotten-egg like” caused by sulfur* production.
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25
Q

most common amebiasis

A

Traveler’s Diarrhea

26
Q

Flatulence – “rotten-egg like” caused by ______________ * production.

A

sulfur

27
Q

production of fatty and greasy stool. Frothy

A

Steatorrhea

28
Q

Treatment of g. intestinalis

A

Metronidazole, Tinidazole, Nitazoxanide

29
Q

Size: 8-15 um up to 30um long
Shape: May appear as ovoid, round, pyriform, or pear-like.
Nucleus: One
Flagella: 3-5 anterior flagella, 1 flagellum embedded in the undulating membrane (1/2 of body length)
Other features: Rapid jerky motility*
One nucleus
Median axostyle

A

Trichomonas vaginalis, TROPHOZOITE FORM

30
Q

Life cycle of t. vaginalis

A
  1. Sexual contact
  2. Ping pong diseases.
31
Q

Alternative MOT of t. vaginalis

A
  • Towel
  • Public restroom.
32
Q

Clinical manifestations of t. vaginalis
* Asymptomatic cases most frequently in males.

A
  • Persistent urethritis/prostatitis
  • Persistent vaginitis
33
Q

Degeneration and desquamation of the __________________

A

vaginal epithelium

34
Q

Purulent secretions: “greenish” and or “yellowish” in color.

A

Purulent secretions:

35
Q

“Strawberry cervix”

A

t. vaginalis

36
Q

Normal pH level of vagina

A

2 -3 pH level of vagina, become alkaline when infected.

37
Q

Does not cross the placenta. Only infected if the baby has passed the cervix.

A

True

38
Q

Treatment of t. vaginalis

A

Metronidazole, Tinidazole

39
Q

Common in homosexual men.

A

Gay Bowel Disease

40
Q

Size: 3 to 9 um x 5 um
Shape: Lemon-shaped, pear-shaped
Nucleus: One, located in the anterior-central region with central karyosome, may be surrounded by a delicate ring of chromatin.
Other features: Two fused fibrils
Bird beak appearance in the anterior part.

A

Retortamonas intestinalis
CYST FORM

41
Q

Size: 3 to 7 um x 5 to 6 um
Shape: Ovoid
Nucleus: One, with small central karyosome, with ring of chromatin granules on nuclear membrane
Flagella: 2 (anterior)
Other features: Cytostome (1/2 of the body) with well-defined fibril border (attached in the anterior)
Jerky motility

A

Retortamonas intestinalis
TROPHOZOITE FORM

42
Q

Size: 3 to 10 um x 4 to 7 um
Shape: Oval, elongated
Nucleus: Binucleated and quadrinucleated, located on opposite ends, central karyosome, no peripheral chromatin
Other features: None

A

Enteromonas hominis
CYST FORM

43
Q

Size: 3 to 10 um x 3 to 7 um
Shape: Ovoid,sometime half-circle
Nucleus: One, with central karyosome, no peripheral chromatin
Flagella: 3 (anterior), 1 (posterior)
Other features: Jerky motility

A

Enteromonas hominis
TROPHOZOITE FORM

44
Q

Size: 5 to 10 um
Shape: Lemon-shaped* with clear hyaline knob extending the anterior end
(bluntly conical, knob-like protruberance*)
Nucleus: One, with large central karyosome, no peripheral chromatin
Other features: Well-defined cytostome located on one side of the nucleus

A

Chilomastix mesnili
CYST FORM

45
Q

Size: 5 to 25 um x 5 to 10 um
Shape: Pear-shaped
Nucleus: One, with small central or eccentric karyosome, no peripheral chromatin
Flagella: 3 (anterior), 1 (posterior from cytostome)
Other features: Stiff,rotary, directional motility
Spiral groove
Prominent cytostome extending 1/3 or 1/2 of body length
(Shepered’s crook)
Corkscrew motility

A

Chilomastix mesnili
TROPHOZOITE FORM

46
Q

Size: 5 to 18 um
Shape: Irregularly round
Nucleus: Two, with clumps of 4 to 8 chromatin granules, no peripheral chromatin
(rosette-shaped nucleus )
Flagella: None
Other features: Progressive motility (broad pseudopodia)
Bacteria-filled cytoplasm

A

Dientamoeba fragilis
No known cyst stage
TROPHOZOITE FORM

47
Q

Pentatrichomonas hominis Previous name

A

trichomonas hominis

48
Q

Size: 7 to 20 um x 5 to 18 um
Shape: Pear-shaped
Nucleus: One, with a small central karyosome, no peripheral chromatin
Flagella: 3 to 5 (anterior), 1 (posterior of the undulating membrane)
Other features: Conical cytostome cleft (anterior)
Undulating membrane (full body)*
Axostyle extends beyond the body
Nervous / jerky motility

A

Pentatrichomonas hominis
No known cyst stage
TROPHOZOITE FORM

49
Q

Size: 5 to 14 um
Shape: Oval, pear-shaped
Nucleus: One, ovoid nucleus, with vesicular chromatin granules
Flagella: 4 (anterior), 1 (posterior of the undulating membrane)
Other features: Conical cytostome cleft (anterior)
Undulating membrane (2/3 of body length)*
Thick axostyle (curved)
Small anterior cytostome
Unable to survive the digestive process.

A

Trichomonas tenax
Synonym: trichomonas gingivalis
TROPHOZOITE FORM

50
Q

largest intestinal protozoan

A

Balantidium coli

51
Q

Previous: Paramecium coli

A

Balantidium coli

52
Q

Size: 43 to 66 um
Shape: Round
Nucleus: Two
Kidney shaped macronucleus
Small spherical micronucleus –
Other features: Double cyst wall
Cilia present in the cyst wall.

A

Balantidium coli
CYST FORM

53
Q

Size: 28 to 152 um c 22 to 123
Shape: Round
Nucleus: Two
Kidney-shaped macronucleus
Smallspherical micronucleus
Other features: Rotary, boring motility
Layer of cilia around organism
With vacuoles
Cytoplasm may contain food/bacteria
Cytostome - Mouth
Cytopyge – Anus

A

Balantidium coli
TROPHOZOITE FORM

54
Q

vegetative part – food storage

A

macronucleus

55
Q

reproduction; contains genetic material.

A

micronucleus

56
Q

Mouth

A

Cytostome

57
Q

Anus

A

Cytopyge

58
Q

not equal in division

A

Asymmetric binary fission

59
Q

3 forms of clinical manifestation of b. coli

A
  • Asymptomatic
  • Fulminant balintidiasis / Balintidial dysentery
  • Often resemble amoebic dysentery
  • Ulceration in the mucosa – “round
    shaped”
  • Bloody and mucoid stools may be
    present.
  • Chronic
  • Extrainstestinal – Liver Lungs
60
Q

Ulceration in the mucosa of b. coli

A

“round
shaped”

61
Q

Treatment of b.coli

A

Tetracycline, Metronidazole

62
Q

Alternative treatment of b.coli

A

Iodoquinol, Doxycycline, Nitazoxanide

Clinical Parasitology Lecture (transes edition) (3 decks)

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