3- An Introduction to Attachment Flashcards
3 areas of emotional development for children
- recognising emotional expression
- understanding of emotions
- how young children can regulate their emotions
Ekman and Friesen 1971
Cross cultural similarity in interpretation of facial expressions between western and New Guinea people
Izard et al 1980
Adults could accurately judge facial expressions in 1 to 9 month old infants after pleasant or unpleasant experiences
Oster et al 1992
Adults less accurate in specific types of negative emotions (fear vs anger)
Barrera and Maurer 1981
3 month old could distinguish between smiling and frowning
Repacholi and Gopnik 1997
- Infants watched experimenter eat broccoli and crackers
- reacted positively to broccoli and negatively to crackers
- infants gave experimenter broccoli even tho their preference was crackers
Social referencing
- Infants look to caregivers on how to respond
- Starts around 10 months old
- Enhanced when child is uncertain
Murray et al 2008
- Mothers with social anxiety and without
- Mothers interacted with a stranger in front of their child
- 10 months old then again at 14 months
- At 10 months no difference in behaviour
- At 14 months infants who were behaviourally inhibited and had mothers with social phobia showed increased avoidance of stranger
Bretherton et al 1981
- Children use emotion words as young as 18 months
- Rapid increase during 3 years of age
Rachman 1977
3 pathways to fear learning
- Classical conditioning
- Observation
- Verbal information
Pass et al 2017
- 65 preschool children and mothers
- Mothers asked if they’re worried about their child starting school
- Children used doll play to act out school scenarios
- Mothers who were worried were more likely to use at least one anxiety related word, have negative descriptions of school, mention unresolved threat
- Emotional tone of mother’s description was associated with child’s representation of school
Cole 1986
Children as young as 3 show some ability to control the expression of mild negative emotions
Bowlby
1958- Attachment is an innate drive using behaviours such as crying and clinging to get response from caregivers
1969- Environmental cues trigger attachment behaviours ‘goal-corrected system’
-Relies upon ability to recognise that a care giver was present or not
-Until 8 months they would not miss the attachment figure
Bowlby’s characteristics of attachment
Safe haven- Rely on caregiver when scared
Secure base- Can rely on caregiver whilst becoming independent
Proximity maintenance- child explores close to caregiver
Separation distress- child becomes unhappy when separated from caregiver
Ainsworth 1978
Strange situation
Blah blah blah Coding scheme examined -Proximity seeking -Contact maintenance -Resistance -Avoidance
