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Psychology of Childhood > 11- Cognitive Development > Flashcards

11- Cognitive Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What is intelligence

A

The capacity of a person to understand the world and meet its demands

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2
Q

What intelligence is not

A
  • Learning
  • General knowledge
  • Practical ability
  • Creativity
  • Common sense
  • Success
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3
Q

Spearman 1904

General intelligence

A

Collected test score data from English schools
Evidence of positive correlations across abilities
Created factor analysis to analyse this covariance
Majority of variance due to general cognitive ability

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4
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

Basic reasoning ability that can be applied to a wide range of problems

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5
Q

Crystallised intelligence

A

Factual knowledge about the world

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6
Q

Three Stratum Theory

Carroll 1993

A
  • Stratum 1 narrow abilities
  • Stratum 2 broad abilities
  • Stratum 3 general cognitive ability
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7
Q

Solution to measuring intelligence

A

Observe an individual’s actions on tasks that require aspects of intelligence

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8
Q

Measuring intelligence

A

Verbal comprehension

Intelligence tests for different ages

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9
Q

IQ practical application

A

Created to identify children that are not likely to benefit from mainstream education

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10
Q

IQ tests predictability

A

IQ scores match, to a degree, whatever it is that people mean when they use the word ‘intelligent’ in ordinary language
IQ scores show impressive continuity from age 5 onward
IQ scores are great predictors of both academic and occupational attainment (external validity)

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11
Q

IQ Tests internal validity

A

IQ tests are arguably culturally biased Heavily reliant on verbal ability
- Questions may assume cultural knowledge
- Score higher with crystalized intelligence
IQ tests rely on representative population testing but populations change over time

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12
Q

IQ tests ethical issues

A
  • Judgements made on the basis of IQ scores often lead to BIG environmental changes
  • Knowledge of one’s IQ score can impact self-concept and educational aspirations
  • Is there any benefit in knowing your IQ score? - Do we really need a cut-off IQ score to classify someone as ‘gifted’?
  • Group differences in IQ scores (e.g. race differences) readily lead to prejudice and stereotype threat leads to poor academic performance (Steele, 1997)
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13
Q

Individual differences compared to cultural differences

A

Individual differences are larger as compared with differences between countries

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14
Q

Differences between schools accounts for

A

10% of variance

90% is within schools

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15
Q

Heritability of IQ

A
  • Varies from 40% to 80% across dozens of family studies
  • Average MZ correlation is .86
  • Average DZ correlation is .60
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16
Q

TEDS

A

Twins Early Development Study

17
Q

Heritability in intelligence

A

Literacy and numeracy are more heritable than intelligence in primary school

18
Q

Heritability of IQ throughout life

A

Heritability of IQ increases from 40% in childhood to 80% in later adulthood

19
Q

Passive gene environment correlation

A

The association between genotype a child inherits from their parents and the environment in which the child is raised

20
Q

Evocative gene environment correlation

A

When as individuals heritable behaviour evokes an environmental response

21
Q

Active gene environment correlation

A

When an individual possesses a heritable inclination to select environmental exposure

22
Q

Comorbidity between reading and maths learning disability

A

67% of the variance in individuals who have comorbid issues with reading and maths is explained by genetic influence

23
Q

Polygenic trait model

A

-Cognitive traits are controlled by more than one genetic variant -Each genetic variant is additive to the others
-The hallmark of polygenic traits:
A bell curve distribution
A continuous distribution

24
Q

Positive sibling ties can facilitate

A

Cognitive development

25
Q

Parenting and intellectual environment influenced by

A

Genetic factors

26
Q

Home correlates __ with IQ scores

A

Positively

27
Q

Within family variations have a

A

Greater impact than between family variations

28
Q

Poverty on children’s IQ

A 
Negative effects on IQ
10 to 15 points below middle class children
29
Q

The Flynn effect

A

A rise of 3 points per 10 years in IQ scores across a population

Psychology of Childhood (9 decks)

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