3/9 Lecture - Cooperation

Question 1

Altruistic Interaction

Answer 1

An interaction between 1 individual and an other, or a group of others
where the
-Fitness of Altruist Decreases
-Fitness of Beneficiary Increases

Question 2

Group Selection

Answer 2

• members of a group of Altruists have Higher Fitness than Non-Altruists
• all benefit
• cheaters do well
• Weak form of selection

Question 3

Kin selection / Inclusive Fitness

Answer 3

• selective interactions among kin can promote the evolution of altruistic traits
• increased Fitness to save kin

Question 4

Hamilton’s Rule :

Answer 4

Altruistic behaviors will be favored by selection IF
the costs of performing the behavior (C)
are less than ( >)
the benefits (b)
discounted by the coefficient or relatedness (r) between actor and recipient

Question 5

coefficient of relatedness (r)

Answer 5

proportion of genes shared by two individuals through their common descent from 1 or both parents - or further back

• increases kin recognition

Question 6

Reciprocal Altruism:

Answer 6

Series of altruistic interactions between 2 individuals in which they ALTERNATE roles between Altruist and Beneficiary

      - potential for cheating
      - more repeated = more stable
      - humans and primates = stable

Question 7

Reciprocal Altruism*

Answer 7

• grooming
• defense
• alarm call
• tolerance

Question 8

Cooperative Hunting in Chimpanzees

Answer 8

All chimp pops. hunt
Main prey - Colobus Monkey

Chips in Tai Forest have specific systematic and coordinated roles in the hunt

Question 9

Mutualism:

Answer 9

When individuals in a group help others to benefit the actor/altruist as well as themselves, the recipients
Ex. Human Pyramid - no slacking off or everyone falls

Question 10

phenotypic matching

Answer 10

Some organisms can recognize their kin by their likeness to themselves

Question 11

Mismatch Hypothesis:

Answer 11

evolved traits that were once advantageous but became maladaptive due to changes in the environment

Question 12

Indirect Reciprocity:

Answer 12

You help Other -> others see that -> they help others -> somehow you Benefit

Question 13

Human Mechanisms to Facilitate Cooperation and Reduce Free Riding

Answer 13

• gifts for cooperators
• punishment for free riders
• Production of prosocial emotions

Question 14

Theory of Mind:

Answer 14

Ability to perceive how one is perceived by another individual
- recognize having of thoughts

Question 15

Alt. Hypothesis for Theory of Mind:

Answer 15

Non-mentalistic -> organisms only respond to stimuli

Question 16

Theory of Mind Tests*

Answer 16

1) Imitation
2) Self - recognition
3) Social relationships
4) Deception

Question 17

Ecological Hypothesis

Answer 17

Selective pressures increasing abilities to Locate & Harvest high quality foods

      -Need big brain to remember food location

Question 18

Social Hypothesis

Answer 18

Negotiating relationships = social complexity

social complexity IS NOT AUTOMATIC but IS A FUNCTION of range - and subtly of behaviors expressed by members