3 Flashcards
How does flutamide differ from finasteride in relation to mechanism of action and clinical use?
(FA15 p597) (FA16 p603)
BOTH used for prostate pathology:
- flutamide: A nonsteroidal competitive inhibitor at androgen receptors. Used for prostate CARCINOMA.
- finasteride: A 5α-reductase inhibitor (conversion of testosterone to DHT). Useful in BPH and male-pattern baldness.
Which bone is commonly fractured when falling on an outstretched hand, resulting in deep pain in the anatomical snuffbox?
scaphoid
What might you observe in a patient who presents to the emergency room with PCP intoxication?
(FA15 p519) (FA16 p523)
horizontal and vertical nystagmus, also belligerence, impulsivity, fever, psychomotor agitation, analgesia, tachycardia, homicidality, psychosis, delirium, seizures (i.e.: resistant, aggressive, violent)
Treatment: benzos, rapid-acting antipsychs.
w/drawal: Depression, anxiety, irritability, restlessness, anergia, disturbances of thought and sleep
IFN-γ stimulates macrophages and inhibits Th2 cells. What cell type releases IFN-γ? (FA15 p202) (FA16 p194)
Th1 helper cells
How does the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines differ from the mechanism of action of barbiturates? What toxicities of barbiturates can be fatal? (FA15 p497) (FA16 p501)
- benzos: Facilitate GABAa action by increasing frequency of Cl− channel opening (“Frenzodiazepines” increase frequency)
- barbs: Facilitate GABAa action by increasing DURATION of Cl− channel opening, thus decreasing neuron firing (barbiDURAtes increase DURAtion, also barbs are hard (“dura”) drugs)
- barbs may cause CNS, resp. and CV depression (hypovent. and bradycardia), WORSE in presence of etOH
What are the symptoms of decompression sickness?
the “bends”: nitrogen gas embolus–>paralysis, risk of stroke
- joint and musc. pain (85-90%)
- neuro symptoms: dizziness, syncope, paralysis (5-10%)
- “the chokes”: dyspnea, pulm. edema, death (2%)
A 40-year-old man is beginning to have symptoms of a resting tremor, postural instability, and mask- like (expressionless) facies. What is the antiviral drug that can be used against this disease, and what is its mechanism of action? (FA15 p500-501) (FA16 p504-505)
parkinsonism; Amantadine:
increases dopamine release and
decreases dopamine reuptake); also used as an antiviral against influenza A (not used as much anymore) and rubella; toxicity = ataxia, livedo reticularis.
A 28-year-old man is being treated with the combination of bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin for metastatic non-seminoma testicular cancer. The patient develops shortness of breath during the course of treatment. Pulmonary function testing indicates that he has a restrictive lung disease. Which of the chemotherapy agents is responsible for this restrictive lung disease? Which agent in the above regimen works by inducing free radicals to interfere with DNA structure? (FA15 p410) (FA16 p410)
Bleomycin: causes Pulmonary fibrosis
ALSO Induces free radical formation–> breaks in DNA strands.
also: busophan and methotrexate
A 55-year-old alcoholic is admitted to the hospital for an upper GI bleed. A ruptured esophageal varix is found to be the cause. What is the preferred medical treatment for this condition? (FA15 p378-379) (FA16 p374-375)
Octreotide: Long-acting somatostatin analog; inhibits actions of many splanchnic vasoconstriction hormones.
uses: Acute variceal bleeds, acromegaly, VIPoma, carcinoid tumors.
A 3-day-old preterm infant delivered at 34 weeks gestation develops neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Which type of pneumocyte is affected in RDS? What is the mechanism that leads to poor O2-CO2 exchange at the gas exchange barrier in preterm infants with RDS? What structures make up the gas exchange barrier? How could you increase surfactant production in preterm neonates? (FA15 p600, 613) (FA16 p607)
type II pneumocyte: surfactant deficiency, alveolus can’t expand due
to increased surface tension
“hyaline membrane disease of the newborn”
-barrier: Type I pneumocytes, BM of pulm. caps, endothelial cells of pulm. caps
-Treatment: maternal steroids before birth (will mature the pneumocytes); artificial surfactant for infant.
(surfactant synthesis begins around week 26 of gestation, but mature levels are not achieved until around week 35)
FA neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
Surfactant deficiency–> inc. surface tension–>alveolar collapse (“ground-glass” appearance of lung fields)
-lecithin:sphingomyelin ratio
What is the antidote for digoxin toxicity? (FA15 p220) (FA16 p214)
Vitamin K+, Mg+, lidocaine, pacemaker
or digoxin immune Fab fragments (DigiFab)
What are some of the circumstances in which information is HIPAA-exempt, meaning that your health information can be shared with another party?
- child abuse
- birth/death
- state mandated reportable illness
- public health disease intervention
- state sponsored disease intervention activities
- schools (vaccination status)
my guess: when the patient has violent/self-destructive/suicidal/homicidal intentions/actions
hydatidiform mole is the most common precursor of what ovarian germ tumor? What tumor marker is monitored after the dilation and curettage of a hydatidiform mole? (FA15 p580) (FA16 p587)
choriocarcinoma
Monitor β-hCG
(worried if stays elevated)
what is it?? Cystic swelling of chorionic villi and proliferation of chorionic epithelium (only trophoblast). Associated with theca-lutein cysts, hyperemesis gravidarum, hyperthyroidism. also tx w. methotrexate along w. dilation and curettage
You are reading a research article about the prostate specific antigen test, and it mentions that the PSA blood test is associated with a high false positive frequency. In your own words, explain what false positive means. (FA15 p49) (FA16 p33)
a healthy person testing as if they have the disease/condition (when it is not there)
A young woman complaining of easy bleeding and menorrhagia was referred by her OB/GYN for work- up of her bleeding disorder. Your preceptor tasks you with determining the cause of the patient’s condition. Compare the clinical findings of platelet disorders to those of coagulation factor defects. (FA15 p397) (FA16 p396-397
platelet disorder:
1st part of hemostasis: Defects in platelet plug formation–>inc. bleeding time (BT) (NORMAL PT/PTT)
Platelet abnormalities–>microhemorrhage: mucous membrane bleeding, epistaxis, petechiae, purpura, inc. bleeding time, possibly decreased platelet count (PC)
coagulation disorder:
2nd part: generation of clot: prolonged PT/PTT (NORMAL bleeding time)
PT—tests function of common and extrinsic pathway (factors I, II, V, VII, and X). Defect–> inc. PT.
PTT—tests function of common and intrinsic pathway (all factors except VII and XIII). Defect–>inc. PTT
major hemorrhage: hemarthorsis, IC hemorrhage
A 45-year-old woman presents to the ER with complaints of chest pain, a racing heart beat, and dizziness. Examination reveals a heart rate of 120 /minute, blood pressure of 116/74 mm Hg, and 20 respirations/minute. The patient is diaphoretic and anxious. An initial EKG reveals ventricular tachycardia with shifting sinusoidal waveforms. What is this classic EKG finding? What are the possible causes of this patient’s condition? (FA15 p283) (FA16 p277)
Torsades de pointes -Drug-induced long QT (ABCDE): AntiArrhythmics (class IA, III) AntiBiotics (e.g., macrolides) Anti“C”ychotics (e.g., haloperidol) AntiDepressants (e.g., TCAs) AntiEmetics (e.g., ondansetron)
- also hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia
- congenital long QT syndromes
How does MRI differ from CT imaging?
MRI: no ionizing radiation, best for soft tissue (brain, SC, ligaments, cartilage (i.e. ACL tear), caution w. metal (i.e. pacemakers), bones show up GRAY
CT: uses ionizing radiation (not as good for preggos), best for bone detail and blood recognition, no prob w. metal, bones show up WHITE
A patient of yours with recent complaints of weakness, pallor, craving for ice chips and tachycardia has a history of chronic hemorrhoids. What do you immediately suspect is the cause of this patient’s anemia and how do you treat it? (FA15 p390) (FA16 p388)
Iron deficiency anemia, tx with iron replacement, possible colonoscopy to eval. for colon cancer
What enzymes do obligate anaerobes lack? (FA15 p121) (FA16 p111)
catalase and/or superoxide dismutase
What embryological structural abnormalities might account for multiple miscarriages? What structures arise from the paramesonephric ducts? What other name is given to the paramesonephric ducts? (FA15p567-568)(FA16p571-572)
Incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts
-uterus, fallopian tubes, upper portion of vagina (lower from UG sinus)
also called Mullerian ducts
An elderly patient fell and struck his head on a coffee table. His family brought him to the ER. He is currently conscious and at his neurological baseline. Non-contrast CT of the head reveals a crescent shaped radiopacity that follows the contour of the skull crossing suture lines. What type of intracranial hemorrhage might this be and which vessel(s) would be involved? (FA15 p466) (FA16 p469)
subdural hemorrhage
-rupture of bridging veins (slow venous bleeding, crosses suture lines, midline shift, CANNOT cross falx, tentorium)
IN CONTRAST:
epidural hematoma: rupture of MMA (often 2o to temporal bone fx) (lucid interval, rapid expansion) BICONVEX (lentiform, “contact lens shape” blood collection)
NOT crossing suture lines, can cross falx, tentorium
Where is most of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) generated? What is the function of CSF?
choroid plexuses of lateral ventricles (2)
- supports/cushions/suspends the brain
- homeostatic medium for regulation of pH, e-lytes
- route for chem messengers to be distributed in the nervous system
A child presents with nephritis, deafness and ocular dysfunction. What is the diagnosis? A gene defect in what type of collagen contributes to the dysfunctions associated with this syndrome? What type of collagen organizes bone, skin and tendons? What type of collagen organizes cartilage?
(FA15 p75, 541) (FA16 p61, 547)
Alport syndrome, mutation in Type 4 collagen: hinning and splitting of glomerular basement membrane. Most commonly X-linked, Eye problems (e.g., retinopathy, lens dislocation), glomerulonephritis, sensorineural deafness; “can’t see, can’t pee, can’t hear a buzzing bee” (or “can’t hear high C”). “Basket-weave” appearance on EM.
Type 1: bONE, Most common (90%)—Bone (made by osteoblasts), Skin, Tendon, dentin, fascia, cornea, late wound repair.
Type 2: carTWOlage, (including hyaline), vitreous body, nucleus pulposus.
Type 3: reticular collagen (skin, blood vessels, uterus, fetal tissue, granulation tissue)
Type 4: FLOOR, basement membrane, basal lamina, lens
