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PSYC 101 > 3 > Flashcards

3 Flashcards

1
Q

Biological Evolution

A

changes that take place in the genetic and physical characteristics of a population or group of organisms over time

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2
Q

Adaptive Significance

A

the effectiveness of behaviour in aiding organisms to asap to change environmental conditions/ therefore refers to the beneficial qualities, in terms of increased survival and reproduction, a trait conveys

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3
Q

Ultimate Causes

A

evolutionary conditions that have slowly shaped the behaviour of a species over time

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4
Q

Proximate Causes

A

immediate environmental events and conditions that affect behaviou

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5
Q

Culture

A

the sum of socially transmitted knowledge, customs & behaviour patterns common to a particular group of people

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6
Q

Artificial Selection

A

a procedure in which particular animals are deliberately mated to produce offspring that posses especially desirable characteristics

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7
Q

Natural Selection

A

the consequence of the fact that, because there are physical and behavioural differences among organisms, they reproduce differentially. Within a given population, some animals - the survivors will produce more offspring than other animals

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8
Q

Reproductive Success

A

the number of viable offspring an individual produces relative to the number of viable offspring produced by other members of the same species

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9
Q

Variation

A

the differences found across individuals of any given species in terms of their genetic, biological (size, strength, physiology) and psychological (intelligence, sociability, behaviour) characteristics

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10
Q

Genotype

A

an organism’s genetic makeup

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11
Q

Phenotype

A

the outward expression of an organism’s genotype; and organism’s physical characteristics and behaviour

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12
Q

Competition

A

a striving or vying with others who share the same ecological niche for food, mates & territory

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13
Q

Genetics

A

the study of the genetic makeup of organisms and how it influences their physical and behavioural characteristics

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14
Q

Heredity

A

the sum of the traits and tendencies inherited from a person’s parents & other biological ancestors

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15
Q

DNA

A

the DNA structure resembles that of twisted ladder. Strands of sugar and phosphate are connected by rungs made from nucleotide molecules of adenine, thymine, guanine & cytosine

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16
Q

Genes

A

small units of DNA that direct the synthesis of proteins & enzymes

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17
Q

Genome

A

the total set of genetic material of an organism

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18
Q

Enzymes

A

proteins that regulate the structure of bodily cells and the processes occurring within those cells

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19
Q

Chromosomes

A

threadlike structures in the nuclei of living cells; contain genes

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20
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

the chromosomes that contain the instructional code for the development of male or female sex characteristics

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21
Q

Autosomes

A

the chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes

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22
Q

Meiosis

A

the form of cell division by which new sperm and ova are formed. The chromosomes with the cell are randomly rearranged so that new sperm and ova contain 23 individual chromosomes (1/2 those found in other body cells)

23
Q

Alleles

A

alternative forms of the same gene

24
Q

Dominant Trait

A

the trait that is exhibited when an individual posses heterozygous alleles

25
Q

Recessive Trait

A

a trait that occurs only when it is expressed by homozygous alleles

26
Q

Mutation

A

accidental alterations in the DNA code within a single gene. Mutations can be spontaneous, occurring naturally or the result of environmental factors (ex. exposure to radiation)

27
Q

Chromosomal Aberration

A

the rearrangement of genes within chromosomes or a change in the total number of chromosomes

28
Q

Down Syndrome

A

a genetic disorder caused by chromosomal aberration resulting in an extra 21st chromosome. People with this disease show impairments in physical, psychomotor and cognitive development

29
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

a genetic disorder caused by a dominant lethal gene in which a person experience’s slow but progressive mental and physical deterioration

30
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

a genetic disorder caused by a particular pair of homozygous recessive genes and characterized by the inability to break down phenylalanine (an amino acid in may high-protein foods). The resulting high blood levels of phenylalanine causes mental retardation

31
Q

Heritability

A

the amount of variability in a given trait in a given population at a given time due to genetic factors

32
Q

Behaviour Genetics

A

the study of genetic influences on behaviour

33
Q

Mendelian Trait

A

a trait showing a classical dominant, recessive or sex-linked pattern of inheritance. Mendelian traits are usually dichotomous and are controlled by a single locus

34
Q

Non-Mendelian Trait

A

a trait that does not show the inheritance pattern described by Mendel. Non-Mendelian traits are usually polygenic and show continuous variation in the phenotype.

35
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

the new scientific discipline of manipulating genetic sequences to alter an organism’s genome

36
Q

Knockout Manipulation

A

n artificially constructed genetic sequence inserted into a gene to inactivate it

37
Q

Genetic Marker -

A

a known DNA sequence that occurs at a particular place in the chromosome

38
Q

Concordance Research

A

research that studies the degree of similarity between twins in traits expressed. Twins are said to be concordant for a trait if either both or neither twin expresses it; discordant if only one twin expresses it

39
Q

Epigentic Modifications

A

changes in cell inheritance that are not due to alterations in the sequence of DNA nucleotides

40
Q

Bipedalism

A

the ability to move about the environment upright on two feet

41
Q

Encephalization

A

an increase in brain size

42
Q

Cultural Evolution

A

the adaptive changes of cultures in response to environmental changes over time

43
Q

Sociobiology

A

the study of the genetic bases of social behaviour

44
Q

Reproductive Strategies

A

different systems of mating and rearing offspring. Include monogamy, polygyny, polyandry, polygyandry

45
Q

Monogamy

A

the mating of one female and one male

46
Q

Polygyny

A

the mating of one male with more than one female

47
Q

Polyandry

A

the mating of one female with more than one male

48
Q

Polygynandry

A

the mating of several females with several males

49
Q

Parental Investment

A

the resources, including time, physical effort and risks to life that a parent spends in procreation and the feeding, nurturing and protecting of offspring

50
Q

Sexual Selection

A

selection for traits specific to sex such as body size or particular patterns of behaviour

51
Q

Altruism

A

the unselfish concern of one individual for the welfare of another

52
Q

inclusive Fitness

A
  • the reproductive success of those who share common genes
53
Q

Kin Selection

A

a type of selection that favours altruistic acts tuned at individuals who share some of the altruist’s genes such as parents, siblings, grandchildren and under some conditions, distant relatives

54
Q

Reciprocal Altruism

A

altruism in which people behave altruistically toward one another because they are confident that such acts will be reciprocated toward either them or their kin

PSYC 101 (4 decks)

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