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PSYC 101 > 2 > Flashcards

2 Flashcards

1
Q

Scientific Method

A

a set of rules that governs the collection and analysis of data gained through observation studies or experiments

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2
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

the observation of the behaviour of people or animals in their natural environments

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3
Q

Clinical Observation

A

the observation of the behaviour of people or animals who are undergoing diagnosis or treatment

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4
Q

Correlational Study

A

the examination of relations between two or more measurements of behaviour or other characteristics of people or animals

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5
Q

Experiment

A

a study in which the researcher changes the value of an independent variable and observes whether this manipulation affects the value of a dependent variable. only experiments can confirm the existence of cause-and-effect relations among variables

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6
Q

Hypothesis

A

a statement usually designed to be tested by an experiment that tentatively expresses a cause-and-effect relationship between two or more events

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7
Q

Theory

A

a set of statements designed to explain a set of phenomena; more encompassing than a hypothesis

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8
Q

Case Study

A

a detailed description of an individual’s behaviour during the course of clinical treatment or diagnosis

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9
Q

Survey Study

A

a study of people’s responses to standardized questions.

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10
Q

Variable

A

anything capable of assuming several values

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11
Q

Manipulation

A

setting the values of an independent variable in an experiment to see whether the value of another variable is affected

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12
Q

Experimental Group

A

a group of participants in an experiment, the members are exposed to a particular value of the independent variable which has been manipulated by the researcher

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13
Q

Control Group

A

a comparison group used in an experiment, the members are exposed to the naturally occurring or zero value of the independent variable

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14
Q

Independent Variable

A

the variable that is manipulated in an experiment as a means os determine cause-and-effect

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15
Q

Dependent Variable

A

the variable that is measured in an experiment

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16
Q

Normal Fallacy

A

the false belief that one has explained the causes of a phenomenon by identifying and naming it; for ex. believing that one has explained lazy behaviour by attributing it to ‘laziness’

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17
Q

Operational Definition

A

the definition of a variable in terms of the operations the researcher performs to measure or manipulate it

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18
Q

Validity

A

the degree to which the operational definition of a variable accurately reflects the variable it is designed to measure or manipulate

19
Q

Confounding of Variables

A

inadvertent simultaneous manipulation of more than one variable. the results of an experiment involving confound variables permit no valid conclusions about cause and effect

20
Q

Counterbalancing

A

a systematic variation of conditions in an experiment such as the order of presentation of stimuli so that different participants encounter them in different orders; prevents confounding of independent variables with time-dependent processes such as habitation or fatigue

21
Q

Reliability

A
  • the repeatability of a measurement; the likelihood that if the measurement was made again it would yield the same value
22
Q

Interrater Reliability

A

the degree to which two or more independent observing agree in their rating of another organisms behaviour

23
Q

Random Assignment

A

procedure in which each participant has an equally likely chance of being assigned to any of the conditions or groups of an experiment

24
Q

Placebo

A

an inert substance that cannot be distinguished in appearance from a read medication; used as the control substance in a single-blind or double blind experiment

25
Q

Single-Blind Study

A

an experiment in which the researcher but not the participant knows the value of the independent value

26
Q

Double-Blind Stud

A

an experiment in which neither the researcher nor the participant knows the value of the independent value

27
Q

Correlational Study

A

he examination of relations between two or more measurements of behaviour or other characteristics of people or animals

28
Q

Matching

A

a systematic selection of participants in groups in an experiment (or more often a correlational study) to ensure that the mean values of important participant variables of the groups are similar

29
Q

Replication

A

repetition of an experiment or observational study to see whether previous results will be obtained

30
Q

Sample

A

a selection of elements from a larger population

31
Q

Generalization

A
  • the conclusion that the results obtained from a sample apply also to the population from which the sample was taken from
32
Q

Informed Consent

A

agreement to participate in an experiment after being informed about the nature of the research and any possible risks and benefits

33
Q

Confidentiality

A

privacy of participants and non-disclosure of their participation in a research project

34
Q

Debriefing

A
  • full disclosure to participants of the nature and purpose of a research project after its completion
35
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

mathematical procedures for organizing collections of data (such a determining the mean, range etc)

36
Q

Measure of Central Tendency -

A

a statistical measure used to characterize the value of items in a sample of numbers

37
Q

Mean

A

measure of central tendency; the sum of a group of values divided by their number

38
Q

Median

A

measure of central tendency; midpoint of a group of values arranged numerically

39
Q

Measure of Variability

A

a statistical measure used to characterize the dispersion in values of items in a sample of numbers

40
Q

Range

A

difference between the highest and lowest score

41
Q

Standard Deviation

A

a statistic that expresses the variability of a measurement; square root of the average of the squared deviations from the mean

42
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

a measurement of the degree to which two variables are related

43
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

mathematical procedures for determining whether relations or differences between samples are statistically significant

PSYC 101 (4 decks)

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