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LYMPH > 3 > Flashcards

3 Flashcards

1
Q

Where do T cells develop

A

Thymus

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2
Q

Where do B cells develop

A

General heamatopoietic areas= bone marrow

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3
Q

Where does haematopoiesis begin

A

In the yolk sac in the absence of heamatopoietic

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4
Q

Where do HSCs come from

A

Aorto gonado mesonsphric Region

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5
Q

Where do HSCs go to?

A

Feral liver

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6
Q

What happens in the neonate before birth

A

Haemotopoesis moves from the feral liver to the bone marrow

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7
Q

What happens to bone marrow with increasing age

A

Bone marrow converted from red to yellow type ( adipose) adults half and half

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8
Q

What is extramedullary haematopoiesis

A

rare- benign conditions ( excess growth factors)
Usually- and a response to failure of bone marrow - myloproliferative bone marrow infiltration or haemoglobulinopathies
Mostly- in the spleen and liver and accession ally in the lymph nodes

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9
Q

What two groups does bone marrow consist of

A

Heamatopoietic stem cells

Mesenchymal stem cells

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10
Q

What can heamatopoietic stem cells produce

A

Lymphoid- nk b t dendritic
Myeloid- basophil eosinophil neutrophil macrophage
Megakaryocytes and rbcs

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11
Q

What resident cells are ubiquitous

A

Mast cells

Macrophages and eosinophils

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12
Q

Name 5 tissue specific cells and where they come from

A 
Kupffer cell- liver 
Alveolar macrophages- lungs
Osteoclasts - bone
Microglia- CNS 
Langerhans cells- epidermis
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13
Q

Name two pathological tissue cells

A

Foam cells- arhersclerosis

Langerhans giant cells- granulomas

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14
Q

What types of WBCs are there

A

Mononuclear- monocytes and lymphocytes

Polymorphonuclear- granulocytes

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15
Q

Order the WBCs in prevalence

A 
Neutrophil 
Lymphocyte
Monocytes 
Eosinophil 
Basophils
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16
Q

What does bone consist of

A

Periost
Compact bone
Spongy bone = marrow with trabeculae and intratrabwcular space

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17
Q

What is trabeculae lined with

A

Endosteum

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18
Q

What does the intratrabecular space contain

A

Scaffolding- stroma with reticular cell extensions and fibres
Cells
Parenchyma- hamatopoeitic cells arranged in cords
Stromal cells

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19
Q

What Stromal cells are there in intertrabecular space

A 
Adventitial cells 
Reticular cells 
Mesenchymal stem cells
Plasma cells
Eosinophils
Fat cells
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20
Q

Where do all lymphocytes derive from

A

Stem cells in bone marrow

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21
Q

Where does erythropoiesis occur

A

Erythroblastosis islands

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22
Q

Where does Leukopoiesis occur

A

Less distinct foci

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23
Q

Where does megakaryopoiesis occur

A

Adjacent to sinus endothelium

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24
Q

How do the new cells get into the blood

A

Transient transcellular migration pores

25
Q

Haematopoiesis - What is released directly into the blood and how

A

Platelets - megakaryocytes extend podsomes through the sinusoidal endothelium into the lumen
Pro-platelet podsomes eventually fragment and release a shower of platelets

26
Q

What can bone marrow examination be used for

A

Evaluating haematological disorders

Stage and prognose lymphoproliferative disorders

27
Q

Where can a bone marrow aspiration be done

A

Anterior or posterior iliac crest

Sternum in adults

28
Q

Where can a bone marrow biopsy be done

A

Only iliac crest not sternum

29
Q

What is the lifespan of a platelet

A

7-10 days

30
Q

Where are they stored

A

1/3 in the spleen

31
Q

What are the principle processes involved in the differentiation or RBCs

A 
Reduction in size
Condensation of nucleus
Loss of nucleus and organelles
Loss of proliferation capabilities 
Synthesis of Hb
32
Q

What are reticulocytes

A

Immature RBC

33
Q

What is a neutrophil responsible for

A

Phagocytosis and bactericidal

Recruited to areas of acute tissue damage and acute bacterial infections

34
Q

What type of granules do neutrophils have

A

Azurophil- primary
Specific - secondary
Small ones

35
Q

What do neutrophil granules contain

A

Antimicrobial and cytotoxic substances
Enzymes
Cytoplasmic membrane receptors
Regulatory activity

36
Q

What do mast cells and basophils express high affinity for

A

IgE

37
Q

What does binding of igE to mast cells/ basophils cause

A

Extra cellular release of preformed mediators ( histamine, proteiglycans, proteases)
Synthesis and secretion of leukotrienes, prostaglandins and cytokines

38
Q

What is the role of basophil and mast cells

A

Immediate hypersensitivity
Late phase inflammation and chronic tissue changes
Immunoregulatory
Innate immune responses to some bacteria and parasites

39
Q

What types of eosinophils are there

A

Steady state

Inflammatory

40
Q

What are steady state eosinophils involved in

A

Morphogenesis and maintenance of mucosal organs

Immune homeostasis of thymus and bone

41
Q

What are inflammatory eosinophils involved in

A

Produce Immunoregulatory cytokines during Th2 immune responses
Defend against large non-phagocytosable organisms -he months and fungi
Pro Inflammatory and destructive in sites of tissue damage/dysfunction/fibrosis/ wound healing

42
Q

What are the stages leading to monopoiesis

A

Monoblast
Promonocyte
Monocyte

43
Q

What is the primary role of monocytes

A

Enlarge and replenish the pool of tissue resident macrophages and DCs in steady state and in response to inflammation

44
Q

Where are langerhans peritoneal and alveolar macrophages from

A

Fetal liver derived

45
Q

What macrophages are primarily yolk sac derived

A

Kupffer cells and microglia

46
Q

What are myeloid suppressor cells

A

Heterogenous cell population with two main subgroups - monocytic and granulocytic
Can suppress T cell responses
Can differentiate to tumour-associated macrophages within a tumour which promote tumour angiogenesis and metastasis

47
Q

What are the jobs of a monocytes

A 
Increase resident macrophage pop
Phagocytosis and killing 
APCS 
Tissue reorganisation 
Trojan horses in persistent intracelluar infections
48
Q

What is special about macrophages

A

They adopt context-dependency phenotypes

49
Q

What is the classically activated macrophage and give some examples of by what

A

M1- defence rumour suppression and immunostimulant
TNFa
IL1
IL12

50
Q

What is the alternatively activated macrophage and what activates it

A

M2a wound healing
M2b anti-inflammatory
IL10

51
Q

What are dendritic cells job

A

Most potent Ag-presenting cells

52
Q

What are the two subsets of DCs

A

Myeloid - self tolerant, specific immune responses . Migratory or lymphoid resident
Plasmacytoid - rapidly secrete abundant INF, anti-viral immunity, can be recruited to lymphoid tissue and liver from blood

53
Q

If an immature DC where to receive pro-inflammatory signals- PAMPS what would if become

A

Stimulatory DC- activate CD4 T cells

54
Q

What does dysfunction in stimulatory DCs create

A

Tolerance ablation and autoimmune disorders

55
Q

If a immature DC recieves tolerogenic signals ( IL10) what does it become

A

Regulatory DC
Present dead cells to CD8 T cells
Suppress cd8 cell activation but enable treg differentiation and expansion
Maintain tolerance in organs

56
Q

What can dysfunction in regulatory DC cause

A

Chronic infection and tumour progression

57
Q

How can an NK cell be distinguished

A

Eccentric nucleus
More cytoplasm
Asutophilic granules

58
Q

How can plasma cells be recognised

A

Eccentric nucleus
Cartwheel heterochromatin
Pale Golgi zone
Rich basophilic rER

LYMPH (5 decks)

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