3

Question 1

Where do T cells develop

Answer 1

Thymus

Question 2

Where do B cells develop

Answer 2

General heamatopoietic areas= bone marrow

Question 3

Where does haematopoiesis begin

Answer 3

In the yolk sac in the absence of heamatopoietic

Question 4

Where do HSCs come from

Answer 4

Aorto gonado mesonsphric Region

Question 5

Where do HSCs go to?

Answer 5

Feral liver

Question 6

What happens in the neonate before birth

Answer 6

Haemotopoesis moves from the feral liver to the bone marrow

Question 7

What happens to bone marrow with increasing age

Answer 7

Bone marrow converted from red to yellow type ( adipose) adults half and half

Question 8

What is extramedullary haematopoiesis

Answer 8

rare- benign conditions ( excess growth factors)
Usually- and a response to failure of bone marrow - myloproliferative bone marrow infiltration or haemoglobulinopathies
Mostly- in the spleen and liver and accession ally in the lymph nodes

Question 9

What two groups does bone marrow consist of

Answer 9

Heamatopoietic stem cells

Mesenchymal stem cells

Question 10

What can heamatopoietic stem cells produce

Answer 10

Lymphoid- nk b t dendritic
Myeloid- basophil eosinophil neutrophil macrophage
Megakaryocytes and rbcs

Question 11

What resident cells are ubiquitous

Answer 11

Mast cells

Macrophages and eosinophils

Question 12

Name 5 tissue specific cells and where they come from

Answer 12

Kupffer cell- liver 
Alveolar macrophages- lungs
Osteoclasts - bone
Microglia- CNS 
Langerhans cells- epidermis

Question 13

Name two pathological tissue cells

Answer 13

Foam cells- arhersclerosis

Langerhans giant cells- granulomas

Question 14

What types of WBCs are there

Answer 14

Mononuclear- monocytes and lymphocytes

Polymorphonuclear- granulocytes

Question 15

Order the WBCs in prevalence

Answer 15

Neutrophil 
Lymphocyte
Monocytes 
Eosinophil 
Basophils

Question 16

What does bone consist of

Answer 16

Periost
Compact bone
Spongy bone = marrow with trabeculae and intratrabwcular space

Question 17

What is trabeculae lined with

Answer 17

Endosteum

Question 18

What does the intratrabecular space contain

Answer 18

Scaffolding- stroma with reticular cell extensions and fibres
Cells
Parenchyma- hamatopoeitic cells arranged in cords
Stromal cells

Question 19

What Stromal cells are there in intertrabecular space

Answer 19

Adventitial cells 
Reticular cells 
Mesenchymal stem cells
Plasma cells
Eosinophils
Fat cells

Question 20

Where do all lymphocytes derive from

Answer 20

Stem cells in bone marrow

Question 21

Where does erythropoiesis occur

Answer 21

Erythroblastosis islands

Question 22

Where does Leukopoiesis occur

Answer 22

Less distinct foci

Question 23

Where does megakaryopoiesis occur

Answer 23

Adjacent to sinus endothelium

Question 24

How do the new cells get into the blood

Answer 24

Transient transcellular migration pores

Question 25

Haematopoiesis - What is released directly into the blood and how

Answer 25

Platelets - megakaryocytes extend podsomes through the sinusoidal endothelium into the lumen Pro-platelet podsomes eventually fragment and release a shower of platelets

Question 26

What can bone marrow examination be used for

Answer 26

Evaluating haematological disorders | Stage and prognose lymphoproliferative disorders

Question 27

Where can a bone marrow aspiration be done

Answer 27

Anterior or posterior iliac crest | Sternum in adults

Question 28

Where can a bone marrow biopsy be done

Answer 28

Only iliac crest not sternum

Question 29

What is the lifespan of a platelet

Answer 29

7-10 days

Question 30

Where are they stored

Answer 30

1/3 in the spleen

Question 31

What are the principle processes involved in the differentiation or RBCs

Answer 31

``` Reduction in size Condensation of nucleus Loss of nucleus and organelles Loss of proliferation capabilities Synthesis of Hb ```

Question 32

What are reticulocytes

Answer 32

Immature RBC

Question 33

What is a neutrophil responsible for

Answer 33

Phagocytosis and bactericidal | Recruited to areas of acute tissue damage and acute bacterial infections

Question 34

What type of granules do neutrophils have

Answer 34

Azurophil- primary Specific - secondary Small ones

Question 35

What do neutrophil granules contain

Answer 35

Antimicrobial and cytotoxic substances Enzymes Cytoplasmic membrane receptors Regulatory activity

Question 36

What do mast cells and basophils express high affinity for

Answer 36

IgE

Question 37

What does binding of igE to mast cells/ basophils cause

Answer 37

Extra cellular release of preformed mediators ( histamine, proteiglycans, proteases) Synthesis and secretion of leukotrienes, prostaglandins and cytokines

Question 38

What is the role of basophil and mast cells

Answer 38

Immediate hypersensitivity Late phase inflammation and chronic tissue changes Immunoregulatory Innate immune responses to some bacteria and parasites

Question 39

What types of eosinophils are there

Answer 39

Steady state | Inflammatory

Question 40

What are steady state eosinophils involved in

Answer 40

Morphogenesis and maintenance of mucosal organs | Immune homeostasis of thymus and bone

Question 41

What are inflammatory eosinophils involved in

Answer 41

Produce Immunoregulatory cytokines during Th2 immune responses Defend against large non-phagocytosable organisms -he months and fungi Pro Inflammatory and destructive in sites of tissue damage/dysfunction/fibrosis/ wound healing

Question 42

What are the stages leading to monopoiesis

Answer 42

Monoblast Promonocyte Monocyte

Question 43

What is the primary role of monocytes

Answer 43

Enlarge and replenish the pool of tissue resident macrophages and DCs in steady state and in response to inflammation

Question 44

Where are langerhans peritoneal and alveolar macrophages from

Answer 44

Fetal liver derived

Question 45

What macrophages are primarily yolk sac derived

Answer 45

Kupffer cells and microglia

Question 46

What are myeloid suppressor cells

Answer 46

Heterogenous cell population with two main subgroups - monocytic and granulocytic Can suppress T cell responses Can differentiate to tumour-associated macrophages within a tumour which promote tumour angiogenesis and metastasis

Question 47

What are the jobs of a monocytes

Answer 47

``` Increase resident macrophage pop Phagocytosis and killing APCS Tissue reorganisation Trojan horses in persistent intracelluar infections ```

Question 48

What is special about macrophages

Answer 48

They adopt context-dependency phenotypes

Question 49

What is the classically activated macrophage and give some examples of by what

Answer 49

M1- defence rumour suppression and immunostimulant TNFa IL1 IL12

Question 50

What is the alternatively activated macrophage and what activates it

Answer 50

M2a wound healing M2b anti-inflammatory IL10

Question 51

What are dendritic cells job

Answer 51

Most potent Ag-presenting cells

Question 52

What are the two subsets of DCs

Answer 52

Myeloid - self tolerant, specific immune responses . Migratory or lymphoid resident Plasmacytoid - rapidly secrete abundant INF, anti-viral immunity, can be recruited to lymphoid tissue and liver from blood

Question 53

If an immature DC where to receive pro-inflammatory signals- PAMPS what would if become

Answer 53

Stimulatory DC- activate CD4 T cells

Question 54

What does dysfunction in stimulatory DCs create

Answer 54

Tolerance ablation and autoimmune disorders

Question 55

If a immature DC recieves tolerogenic signals ( IL10) what does it become

Answer 55

Regulatory DC Present dead cells to CD8 T cells Suppress cd8 cell activation but enable treg differentiation and expansion Maintain tolerance in organs

Question 56

What can dysfunction in regulatory DC cause

Answer 56

Chronic infection and tumour progression

Question 57

How can an NK cell be distinguished

Answer 57

Eccentric nucleus More cytoplasm Asutophilic granules

Question 58

How can plasma cells be recognised

Answer 58

Eccentric nucleus Cartwheel heterochromatin Pale Golgi zone Rich basophilic rER