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3/31 Flashcards

Endangered Species & Endangered Species Act

1
Q

/Who coined the term “endangered species?”

A

William Beebe

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2
Q

What was the term “endangered species” describing?

A

North American bison

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3
Q

When did the “official” status of the term endangered species become official?

A

When it was codified in the 1960’s

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4
Q

Who decides which species get listed?

A

ppp

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of endang. species lists?

A
  1. Informational

2. Regulatory

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6
Q

What is a regulatory list? Give example

A

Part of national legislation (ex. €Endangered Species Act of 1973)

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7
Q

What are “red data books” and “red lists?”

A

published in 1966 by IUCN

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8
Q

What is the IUCN criteria? (5)

A

-severely declining pop.
-small distribution and decline
small pop. size & decline
-very small or restricted pop.
-pop. is judged to be non-viable

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9
Q

When did the Us publish the first national list?

A

1966;

  • species listed as endangered
  • had legal force of Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966
  • went to further than “protection”
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10
Q

Why did the US pass the endangered species act in 1973?

A
  • various species of fish, wildlife & plants become extinct with econ. cgrowth
  • others depleted in numbers & at danger of extinction
  • these have value
  • Us pledged itself to conserve fish, wildlife & plant species facing extinction
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11
Q

What ranking does the US have in regards to the highest number of threatened species?

A

2 (#1 is Ecuador)

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12
Q

What are the major reasons for extinction n the US? (in order)

A
  1. habitat loss/degradation
  2. alien species
  3. pollution
  4. overexploitation
  5. disease
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13
Q

What is the purpose of the Endangered Species act

A
  • protect endangered species & the ecosystems on which they depend
  • provide program for conservation or recovery of such species
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14
Q

Who is involved in the administration of the ESA

A
  • departments of interior & commerce
  • US fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS)
  • National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)
  • see pp
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15
Q

How does a species get listed?

A
  • anyone can petition to have species listed
  • ESA provides specific procedures on how they are evaluated (criteria, public comment, hearing etc.)
  • Species selected from candidate list (congress & prez must pass the candidates onto official list)
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16
Q

What are Recovery plans?

A

plan to get species off of endangered species list

-lay out steps required to get species back to secure status & delist species

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17
Q

Who prepares a recovery team?

A

-recovery team appointed by (interior or commerce) secretary (10-20 ind.)

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18
Q

What is a critical habitat?

A

Secretary designates a critical habitat

  • areas where species found
  • recommendation comes from recovery team
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19
Q

What are prohibited acts?

A
  • Import species into, or export any species from, the US

- see pp

20
Q

Has the ESA worked?

A

yes

21
Q

How many species has the ESA prevented from extinction?

A

172

22
Q

What percent of listed species are recovering at the expected rate?

A

90%

23
Q

What percent of species are stable or improving?

A

68%

24
Q

Who long does recovery typically take?

A

25 years

25
Q

How much does ESA cost US per year?

A

about $1.5 billion

26
Q

Is the ESA supported by the public?

A

yes; 70% of Americans support the ESA

27
Q

What is the population bottleneck? three phases?

A

species thriving, (decline phase)
drops in population drastically, (endangered phase)
eventually returns to recovery (recovery phase)

28
Q

What are the two types of causes of endangerment?

A
  1. ultimate

2. proximate

29
Q

What is an ultimate cause of endangerment?

A

history of trouble, background reason (ex. destruction of habitat)

  • underlie endangerment
  • difficult to correct in time
  • must be corrected to guarantee secure future
30
Q

What is a proximate cause of endangerment?

A

exact cause of endangerment

  • SYMPTOMS of the endangered species
  • inadequate survival & reproduction, declining #’s
  • symptoms can be treated independently (without directly dealing with ultimate cause)
  • allows population to make it through crisis before addressing underlying issue
31
Q

When is ultimate and proximate problems solved?

A
  • usually simultaneously
  • never proximate without ultimate
  • rarely ultimate without proximate
32
Q

How can managers stimulate rapid population growth?

A 
If below K (carrying capacity):
-reduce mortality factors
-increase recruitment
If at K:
see pp
33
Q

How is mortality reduced?

A
  • reduce impacts of predators, competitors & diseases

- reducing “normal” losses even if not part of ultimate problem

34
Q

What is an example of an endangered species dealt with by reducing mortality?

A
  1. white tailed eagle
    - eagles were given clean food so they did not feed on food that was contaminated by chemicals (did not address ultimate problem)
  2. japanese crane
35
Q

How is recruitment increased?

A
  • increase proportion of individuals that breed
  • increase fecundity
  • ” reproductive successes
  • ” rate of immigration
36
Q

What are examples of endangered species dealt with by increasing recruitment?

A
  • vulture restaurants
  • bluebirds
  • bermuda petrel
  • puerto rican parrot
  • kirtland’s warbler
37
Q

Several powerpoint slides

A

see pp

38
Q

What are translocations?

A
  • stimulate population growth

- widely used approach

39
Q

What are the translocation guidelines?

A
  • Where will the individuals be obtained?
  • How many will be translocated?
  • What is the impact on the source population?
  • Will translocated individuals stay put?
  • see pp
40
Q

What are examples of a translocated species?

A
  • wild turkeys (southern> northern states)
  • prairie chickens (allowed for outbreeding, improving survival)
  • florida panther
41
Q

What are the common sources of mortality?

A
  • predation
  • disease
  • see pp
42
Q

What is avian cholera?

A

-kills thousands of migrating water birds

43
Q

How are diseases managed?

A

-immunization

(done with blue tongue in bighorns,

44
Q

What are some endangered species factors which have decreased?

A

Lead poisoning, Eagle electrocutions, manatees & propellers,

45
Q

Management of Endangered Species

A

see pp last slide

FAWE (9 decks)

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