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1140 Midterm > 3 > Flashcards

3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the urinary system?

A

To remove waste products from the blood and to maintain water balance within the body

The urinary system plays a crucial role in homeostasis by regulating the composition and volume of body fluids.

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2
Q

What organs are included in the urinary system?

A
  • Kidneys: Filter blood to remove waste and extra water, forming urine.
  • Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
  • Bladder: Stores urine until it is ready to be excreted.
  • Urethra: The tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body.

Each organ has a specific role in the filtration and excretion process.

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3
Q

What occurs in the nephron during filtration?

A

Blood enters the nephron, and waste, along with water and small molecules, is filtered out in a structure called the glomerulus.

The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, essential for urine formation.

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4
Q

What is reabsorption in the nephron?

A

Useful substances like water, glucose, and certain ions are reabsorbed back into the blood as the filtrate moves through the tubules.

This process ensures that essential nutrients are not lost in urine.

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5
Q

What is secretion in the nephron?

A

Additional waste products and excess ions are added to the filtrate from the blood in the tubules, helping to balance body chemicals and form urine.

Secretion is crucial for regulating electrolyte levels and removing toxins.

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6
Q

What are characteristics of normal urine?

A
  • Clean
  • Pale yellow, amber, or straw colored
  • Very little or no odor
  • Average output of urine is 1500ml per 24hrs

These characteristics can vary based on hydration levels and diet.

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7
Q

What is urinary retention?

A

Difficulty emptying the bladder completely, leading to a buildup of urine.

This condition can result from various factors, including immobility.

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8
Q

What increased risks are associated with immobility in the urinary system?

A
  • Increased Risk of Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
  • Kidney Stones
  • Incontinence
  • Reduced Kidney Function

Immobility can negatively affect urinary health due to stagnant urine and reduced muscle tone.

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9
Q

What are the types of incontinence?

A
  • Stress incontinence: the leaking of urine during exercise and certain movements
  • Urge incontinence: the loss of urine in response to sudden, urgent need to void
  • Overflow incontinence: the leaking of urine when the bladder is too full
  • Functional incontinence: the loss of urine that occurs when the client has bladder control but cannot get to the toilet in time
  • Reflex incontinence: the loss of urine at predictable intervals

Each type of incontinence has distinct causes and management strategies.

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10
Q

What are the emotional impacts of incontinence on a person?

A

Causes embarrassment, anxiety, and low self-esteem.

The psychological effects can significantly affect social interactions and overall mental health.

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: The average output of urine is _______.

A

30ml per hour/ 1500ml per 24hrs

This average can vary based on fluid intake, activity level, and health status.

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12
Q

What are some physical issues caused by incontinence?

A
  • Skin irritation
  • Infections
  • Sores from prolonged exposure to urine

These complications can lead to further health issues if not managed properly.

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13
Q

True or False: Prolonged immobility can slow down kidney filtration and waste removal.

A

True

Reduced kidney function can lead to a buildup of toxins in the body.

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14
Q

What social effects can incontinence have on a person?

A

People may avoid social activities due to fear of accidents.

This can lead to isolation and decreased quality of life.

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15
Q

What is the average color of normal urine?

A

Pale yellow, amber, or straw colored

Color can indicate hydration levels and potential health issues.

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16
Q

What is the role of the bladder in the urinary system?

A

Stores urine until it is ready to be excreted.

The bladder’s ability to stretch allows for temporary storage of urine.

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17
Q

How do you minimize incontinence and care for a client with incontinence?

A

Regular toileting should be scheduled before meals, after meals, before activities, after activities, in the morning, and before sleep.

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18
Q

What is a Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)?

A

A Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is an infection in any part of the urinary system.

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19
Q

What are the symptoms of a UTI?

A

Symptoms of UTI include frequency, urgency, oliguria, dysuria, hematuria, pyuria, fever & chills, and strong, foul-smelling urine.

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20
Q

What are the prevention methods for UTI?

A

Prevention of UTI includes avoiding causes (e.g. good technique with peri-care), making toileting comfortable both physically and psychologically, and establishing a toilet schedule acceptable to the client.

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21
Q

What is the main purpose of the endocrine system?

A

The main purpose of the endocrine system is to produce and release hormones.

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22
Q

What are endocrine glands and their function?

A

Endocrine glands are specialized organs that produce and release hormones into the bloodstream.

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23
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

The pituitary gland produces hormones that regulate many of the other endocrine glands.

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24
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

The hypothalamus makes hormones that control the pituitary gland and produces hormones stored in the pituitary gland.

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25
Q

What does the thyroid gland produce?

A

The thyroid produces thyroxine, which regulates metabolism.

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26
Q

What is the function of the parathyroid glands?

A

The parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone, which regulates the level of calcium in the blood.

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27
Q

What do the adrenal glands release?

A

The adrenal glands release epinephrine and norepinephrine, which help the body deal with stress.

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28
Q

What does the pancreas produce?

A

The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate the level of glucose in the blood.

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29
Q

What do the testes produce?

A

The testes produce testosterone, which is responsible for sperm production and the development of male secondary sex characteristics.

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30
Q

What do the ovaries produce?

A

The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is required for the development of secondary sex characteristics and for the development of eggs. Progesterone prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg.

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31
Q

Why is the pituitary gland called the master gland?

A

The pituitary gland is called the ‘master gland’ because it controls other glands in the body by releasing hormones.

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32
Q

What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?

A

The two parts are the Anterior Pituitary and the Posterior Pituitary.

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33
Q

What does the Anterior Pituitary do?

A

The Anterior Pituitary makes hormones that control growth, thyroid function, reproduction, and more.

i) secretes growth hormone needed for growth of muscles, bones, and other organs
ii) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is needed for proper functioning of the thyroid gland
iii) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal glands
iv) Also secretes hormones that regulate growth, development, and function of male and female reproductive systems

34
Q

What does the Posterior Pituitary do?

A

The Posterior Pituitary stores and releases hormones like oxytocin and ADH.

i) secretes an anti-diuretic hormone that prevents kidneys from excreting excessive amounts of water (ADH) antidiuretic hormone
ii) Oxytocin causes uterine muscles to contract during childbirth
iii) Hormones are produced in the hypothalamus

35
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

Hyperthyroidism is a condition of too much thyroid hormone, causing body functions to speed up.

36
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A

Symptoms include weight loss, fast heartbeat, and feeling hot.

37
Q

What are the treatments for hyperthyroidism?

A

Treatments include medication to reduce hormone production, radioactive iodine, and surgery.

38
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

Hypothyroidism is a condition of too little thyroid hormone, causing body functions to slow down.

39
Q

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A

Symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, and feeling cold.

40
Q

What is the treatment for hypothyroidism?

A

The treatment is thyroid supplement medication.

41
Q

What are the types of diabetes?

A

There are three types of diabetes: Type 1, Type 2, and Gestational.

42
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Type 1 diabetes?

A

Signs include frequent urination, extreme thirst, unexplained weight loss, and extreme fatigue.

43
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Type 2 diabetes?

A

Signs include increased thirst and hunger, frequent urination, extreme fatigue, and slow-healing cuts or infections.

44
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Gestational diabetes?

A

Often no symptoms, but may include increased thirst and urination. Usually disappears after pregnancy.

45
Q

How is diabetes managed?

A

Management includes maintaining steady blood glucose levels, careful monitoring of blood sugars, diet management, exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, and stress reduction.

46
Q

What is the role of HCA in diabetes management?

A

The HCA should never cut the toenails of a diabetic client, observe for wounds/skin damage, note vision changes, be careful with bath water temperature, assist with proper diet as ordered, and serve all food on time.

47
Q

What is the function of the thymus gland during childhood?

A

The thymus releases thymosin, which stimulates T cell development.

48
Q

What hormones do the adrenal glands release?

A

The adrenal glands release epinephrine and nonepinephrine, which help the body deal with stress.

49
Q

What does the pancreas produce?

A

The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate the level of glucose in the blood.

50
Q

What hormones are produced by the ovaries?

A

The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone.

Estrogen is required for the development of secondary sex characteristics and for the development of eggs. Progesterone prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg.

51
Q

What is the role of testosterone produced by the testes?

A

The testes produce testosterone, which is responsible for sperm production and the development of male secondary sex characteristics.

52
Q

What are the functions of hormones?

A

Hormones regulate the activities of other organs and glands, metabolic processes involving fats, proteins, and carbohydrates, water and electrolyte balance, and play an important role in growth and reproduction.

53
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

The hypothalamus is part of the brain, known as the ‘Control Centre’, that secretes hormones to control or inhibit the release of other hormones.

54
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located and what is its role?

A

The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain and is known as the ‘Master Gland’ that releases hormones regulating other glands and organs.

Hormones produced in the hypothalamus of the brain.

55
Q

What does the anterior pituitary gland secrete?

A

The anterior pituitary gland secretes growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSH), and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

Growth hormone is needed for the growth of muscles, bones, and other organs. TSH is needed for thyroid gland function. ACTH stimulates the adrenal gland.

56
Q

What do reproductive hormones regulate?

A

They regulate growth, development, and function of the male and female reproductive system.

57
Q

What does the posterior pituitary gland secrete?

A

It secretes Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin.

58
Q

What is the function of Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A

ADH prevents kidneys from excreting excessive amounts of water.

59
Q

What is the role of Oxytocin?

A

Oxytocin causes the uterine muscles to contract during childbirth.

60
Q

What shape is the thyroid gland?

A

It is a butterfly-shaped gland in the neck.

61
Q

What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?

A

It secretes two types of thyroid hormones (T4 and T3) and calcitonin.

62
Q

What are the responsibilities of thyroid hormones (T3 & T4)?

A

They regulate metabolism, proper functioning of other hormones, maturation of the nervous system, and normal growth and development.

63
Q

What does calcitonin regulate?

A

Calcitonin regulates calcium levels in the body.

64
Q

What is the location and function of the parathyroid gland?

A

The parathyroid gland consists of 4 small glands behind the thyroid that secretes parathormone.

65
Q

What does parathormone do?

A

Parathormone increases the amount of calcium available in the blood.

66
Q

What may a lack of calcium cause?

A

A lack of calcium may cause tetany.

67
Q

What is the function of the thymus gland?

A

It secretes a hormone that stimulates T-cell production throughout childhood for immunity.

68
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

They are located on top of each kidney.

69
Q

What does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

It secretes glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and small amounts of male and female sex hormones.

70
Q

What do epinephrine and norepinephrine prepare the body for?

A

They prepare the body for the fight or flight response.

71
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

The pancreas is located in the LUQ of the abdomen with the liver.

72
Q

What hormones does the pancreas secrete?

A

The pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon.

73
Q

What is the role of insulin?

A

main role- ensure that sugar from nutrients in food is correctly used or stored in the body.
Also insulin regulates the glucose level in the bloodstream.

74
Q

What do the testes secrete in males?

A

The testes secrete testosterone.

75
Q

What do the ovaries secrete in females?

A

The ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone.

76
Q

What changes occur with aging regarding sex hormones?

A

Aging from child to adolescent results in an increase in sex hormones, leading to the development of secondary sexual characteristics.

77
Q

What happens to hormone production in older age?

A

There is a decrease in hormone production, especially testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone.

78
Q

What happens to thyroid hormone levels with aging?

A

There is a decrease in thyroid hormone.

79
Q

How do peripheral tissues respond to hormones with aging?

A

Peripheral tissues become less responsive to hormones.

80
Q

What can a decrease in hormone production cause?

A

It can cause a slowing of bodily functions.

1140 Midterm (5 decks)

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