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1140 Midterm > 2 > Flashcards

2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is hypotension?

A

Low blood pressure, usually below 90/60 mmHg

Hypotension can lead to dizziness and fainting.

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2
Q

What is hypertension?

A

High blood pressure, generally 140/90 mmHg or higher

Hypertension increases the risk of heart disease and stroke.

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3
Q

What is orthostatic hypotension?

A

A drop in blood pressure when standing up, causing dizziness or lightheadedness

Often occurs when changing position, especially in the mornings.

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4
Q

What are the risk factors for hypotension?

A

Dehydration, blood loss, certain medications, heart problems

These factors can decrease blood volume or affect heart function.

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5
Q

What are the risk factors for hypertension?

A

Age, obesity, high salt diet, stress, lack of exercise, smoking, family history

Lifestyle changes can help manage these risk factors.

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6
Q

What are the risk factors for orthostatic hypotension?

A

Aging, dehydration, certain medications, prolonged bed rest, nervous system disorders

These factors can impair the body’s ability to regulate blood pressure.

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7
Q

What are the basic components of blood?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma

Each component has distinct functions vital for health.

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8
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

Carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and bring carbon dioxide back to be exhaled

Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, which binds oxygen.

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9
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

Help fight infections and protect the body from germs and other harmful invaders

They are a key part of the immune system.

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10
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Help the blood clot, stopping bleeding when you have a cut or injury

Platelets are essential for wound healing.

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11
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

Carries nutrients, hormones, and waste products; helps maintain blood pressure and volume

Plasma is the liquid component of blood.

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12
Q

What are the types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins, venules.
arteries: carry blood away from the heart
arterioles: the smallest branch of an artery
capillaries: tiny, thin-walled vessels
veins: return blood to the heart
venules: are microscopic and the smallest form of veins

Each type of blood vessel plays a specific role in circulation.

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13
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart

They have thick walls to withstand high pressure.

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14
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Capillaries transport blood, nutrients and oxygen to cells in your organs and body systems.

Capillaries connect arterioles and venules.

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15
Q

What do veins do?

A

Carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart

Veins have valves to prevent backflow.

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16
Q

What are normal changes to the cardiovascular system with aging?

A

Blood vessels become stiffer, heart pumps less efficiently, slower heart rate, reduced blood flow

These changes can impact overall cardiovascular health.

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17
Q

What is phlebitis?

A

Inflammation of a vein, often in the legs, causing pain and swelling

It can lead to complications like thrombophlebitis.

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18
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

Blood clot that forms in a blood vessel

If it travels to the lungs or brain, it can cause serious issues.

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19
Q

What are arrhythmias?

A

abnormal heart rhythms. can happen when the heart’s electrical system malfunctions.

They can affect blood flow and may require treatment.

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20
Q

What are pacemakers?

A

Devices implanted to regulate heartbeat in people with irregular heart rhythms.

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21
Q

What is ischemia?

A

Decrease in blood supply to an area

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22
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Thickening and narrowing of arteries

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23
Q

What is Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?

A

Coronary arteries narrowed and blocked

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24
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A

Chest pain result of decreased oxygen to heart muscle often caused by CAD.
s/s: pain or tightness, dizziness, SOB
Triggers: physial exertion
Tx: rest, nitroglycerin

If angina NOT relieved with rest or medications, get help. If this is NOT the client’s usual angina, call 911 immediately.

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25
Q

What is a myocardial infarction (MI)?

A

Commonly known as a heart attack; occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked, damaging heart tissue.
cause: arteries blocked by atherosclerosis (most common)
Tx: Call 911 asap, rest, remove tight or constricting clothes, try to calm client

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26
Q

What is congestive heart failure (CHF)?

A

Heart does not pump efficiently-> blood backs up->tissues become congested with fluid

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27
Q

What is left-sided CHF?

A

Blood collects in lungs.
s/s: pulmonary congestion. dyspnea; productive, wet sounding cough (drowning)

28
Q

What is right-sided CHF?

A

Blood backs up into the veins and fluid collects in the body.
s/s: weight gain, peripheral edema, abdominal pain

29
Q

What is peripheral vascular disease (PVD)?

A

is the reduced circulation of blood to a body part, other than the brain or heart, due to a narrowed or blocked blood vessel.

s/s: cyanosis, decreased pulse fullness, skin cool/cold to touch.
care: elevate legs when sitting to improve blood return and decrease edema
encourage walking/activity, compression stocking (check scope), report leg pain (may indicate throumbus)

30
Q

What are the effects of immobility on the cardiovascular system?

A

Heart must work harder.
less efficient, vessels narrower and less elastic, blood return to heart not as efficient (effects of pooling), pooling may lead to thrombus formation.

31
Q

What are the male reproductive organs?

A
  1. Testes (testicles, gonads): male sex glands, location where sperm and testosterone is produced
  2. Scrotum: a sac made of skin and muscle that carries the testes
  3. Epididymis: a coiled tube around the testes; sperm travel from the testes to epididymis
  4. Vas deferens: a tube that carries sperm from the epididymis
  5. Seminal vesicles: store sperm and produce semen
  6. Prostate gland: sits just below bladder, secretes fluid into the semen
  7. Urethra: Carries semen and urine out of the body through the penis.
  8. Penis: contains erectile tissue
32
Q

What are the female reproductive organs?

A
  1. Ovaries: contains female sex cells (eggs), secretes female sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone), during menstrual cycle, one ovum is released monthly-> ovulation
  2. Fallopian tubes: ovum released from ovary travels through the fallopian tube
  3. Uterus: hollow, muscular organ; if conception occurs, this is where the fetus grows
  4. Cervix: The lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina.
  5. Vagina: A muscular canal that opens to the outside of the body, connects to the uterus
  6. Endometrium: tissue lining the uterus
33
Q

What are female hormones?

A

Female hormones include Estrogen, Progesterone, Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), and Luteinizing Hormone (LH).

34
Q

What is the function of Estrogen?

A

Estrogen helps with the growth of breasts and regulates the menstrual cycle.

35
Q

What is the function of Progesterone?

A

Progesterone prepares the body for pregnancy and helps maintain it.

36
Q

What is the function of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in females?

A

FSH helps eggs grow in the ovaries.

37
Q

What is the function of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) in females?

A

LH triggers ovulation (release of an egg).

38
Q

What are male hormones?

A

Male hormones include Testosterone, Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), and Luteinizing Hormone (LH).

39
Q

What is the function of Testosterone?

A

Testosterone helps with the growth of facial hair, deep voice, and sperm production.

40
Q

What is the function of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in males?

A

FSH helps produce sperm.

41
Q

What is the function of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) in males?

A

LH helps produce testosterone.

42
Q

What are primary traits influenced by hormones?

A

Primary traits are directly related to reproduction and sexual organs.

43
Q

What are the primary traits for females?

A

Development of ovaries, uterus, and ability to produce eggs.

44
Q

What are the primary traits for males?

A

Development of testes and ability to produce sperm.

45
Q

What are secondary traits influenced by hormones?

A

Secondary traits are physical changes that happen during puberty.

46
Q

What are the secondary traits for females?

A

Breast development, wider hips, and growth of body hair.

47
Q

What are the secondary traits for males?

A

Facial hair, deeper voice, and increased muscle mass.

48
Q

What is fertilization?

A

Fertilization occurs when sperm and ovum unite

49
Q

What happens with 23 chromosomes during fertilization?

A

A sperm cell (with 23 chromosomes) fertilizes an egg cell (also with 23 chromosomes) to form a new cell with 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).

50
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

The menstrual cycle occurs about every 28 days, with menstrual flow lasting 3 to 7 days.

51
Q

What happens to the endometrium if pregnancy does not occur?

A

If pregnancy does not occur, the endometrium breaks up and is discharged through the vagina (menstruation).

52
Q

When does ovulation occur in the menstrual cycle?

A

Ovulation occurs on or about day 14 of the cycle.

53
Q

What hormones cause the endometrium to thicken?

A

The female hormones estrogen and progesterone cause the endometrium to thicken for possible pregnancy.

54
Q

What is menopause?

A

Menopause is when a woman’s menstrual periods permanently stop, usually around age 45-55, marking the end of reproductive years.

55
Q

What causes menopause?

A

It happens because the ovaries stop producing estrogen and other hormones.

56
Q

What are post menopause symptoms?

A
  • Hot flashes may continue but often decrease over time.
  • Higher risk of bone loss.
  • Increased risk of heart disease.
  • Vaginal dryness may persist.
57
Q

What are normal aging changes to the reproductive system for men?

A
  • The hormone testosterone decreases.
  • It takes longer for erection to occur.
  • The phase between erection and orgasm is longer.
  • Orgasm is less forceful than in younger years.
  • The time between erections is longer.
  • Older men may need the penis stimulated for sexual arousal.
  • Changes result in decreased frequency of sexual activity.
  • Mental and physical fatigue, over eating, and excessive drinking affect erections.
58
Q

What are normal aging changes to the reproductive system for women?

A
  • Menopause occurs at about age 50.
  • The hormones estrogen and progesterone decrease.
  • The uterus, vagina, and external genitalia atrophy (shrink).
  • Thin vaginal walls and vaginal dryness may cause uncomfortable or painful intercourse.
  • Sexual arousal takes longer.
59
Q

What is an STI?

A

STI (Sexually Transmitted Infection) are infections passed through sexual contact, caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Common STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and HPV.

60
Q

What is Erectile Dysfunction (ED)?

A

Erectile Dysfunction (ED) is a condition where a man has difficulty getting or keeping an erection firm enough for sexual intercourse. It can result from physical or psychological issues.

61
Q

What is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)?

A

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland in men, often leading to difficulty urinating, more common as men age.

62
Q

What is syphilis?

A

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It progresses in 3 stages if untreated.

63
Q

What is gonorrhea?

A

Gonorrhea is a bacterial STI that can infect the genital area, rectum, and throat. Symptoms may include painful urination and discharge, but some people have no symptoms.

64
Q

What is chlamydia?

A

Chlamydia is a common bacterial STI that often has no symptoms. When present, symptoms may include genital pain or discharge. Left untreated, it can lead to complications.

65
Q

What is HPV?

A

HPV (Human Papillomavirus) is a viral STI with many types; some cause warts, while high-risk types can lead to cancers (like cervical cancer).

1140 Midterm (5 decks)

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