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Question 1

who were the black hundreds and what did they do?

Answer 1

-a group of violent conservatives that formed in october 1905
-attacked workers, rebels and protesters and held pogroms with one in december lasting 3 days and killing 500 jewish people

Question 2

what was article 87?

Answer 2

gave the tsar the power to rule by decree in exceptional circumstances which would be abused

Question 3

what were the fundamental laws made after the first revolution?

Answer 3

-the right to rule independently when the Dumas were not in session
-the right to dissolve the duma at any point
-power to change the electoral system
-power to appoint ministers that the tsar wanted to the council
-the tsar was the sole commander of the navy and army

Question 4

what and when was the first duma?

Answer 4

-the duma of national hope
-may- july of 1906

Question 5

what groups dominated the first duma?

Answer 5

radical groups such as the kadets (182 seats)

Question 6

why was the first duma a failure?

Answer 6

-the tsar did not respond well to “address to the throne” due to ideas being too radical and dissolved the duma as he did not need it for money due to recent loan from the french

Question 7

what was the vyborg appeal?

Answer 7

-when 200 deputies that were mostly kadets travelled to finland where they urged people not to pay taxes or perform military duties after the dissolution of the first duma
-this was a failure and many deputies were arrested

Question 8

who was stolypin? reputation

Answer 8

he was viewed as an extremely reactionary person who was regarded as being harsh due to tough measures put in place in his province Saratov during the revolution

Question 9

when and what was the second duma?

Answer 9

-feb-june 1907
- the duma of national anger

Question 10

which groups dominated the second duma? why was this an issue

Answer 10

-groups of extreme contrast such as revolutionary’s liberals and conservatives
-this contrasting ideas polarised the meetings and turned them into shouting battles

Question 11

what did stolypin do after the 2nd duma?

Answer 11

-used article 87 and rumours of an assassination of the tsar to dissolve the duma
-he then edited the voting system to favour the middle class (50% of votes)

Question 12

what was stolypins approach to leadership?

Answer 12

“surpression first and then, and only then, reform”

Question 13

what and when was the third duma?

Answer 13

-the duma of lords and lackeys
-1907-1912

Question 14

what were the successes of the 3rd duma?

Answer 14

-land reforms
-education reforms
-improvements to the army and navy
-replacement of land captains with justices of the peace
-national health insurance scheme to pay off sick benefit

Question 15

limitations to the third duma?

Answer 15

-it consisted of far right parties and they didn’t want too many reforms
-the octoberists even thought that stolypin was going too far with his reforms in 1911
-stolypin was assassinated in 1911 and his plans for agricultural improvement were meant to last 20 years but were only in effect for 5

Question 16

what and when was the feild courts martial?

Answer 16

-19th August 1906
-it meant that courts of justice could act without need for investigation which meant that stolypin had the power to execute anybody that he thought was apposing the tsar/system

Question 17

what was the forth duma?

Answer 17

-1912-1917
-“lords and lackeys”

Question 18

what was the composition of the forth duma?

Answer 18

much the same as the third with middle class parties

Question 19

what was the limitations of the forth duma?

Answer 19

-it became more evident that the duma didn’t really have that much power as the government could bypass things deemed to be too difficult
-as it proved less and less useful, it stoped meeting up as much and they therefore had little impact on the war effort

Question 20

features of stolypins land reforms?

Answer 20

-meant to last 20 years but this was cut short due to his assassination
-involved the regection of strip farming which was highly inefficient
-investment in agricultural machinery went up by 9%

Question 21

how was the phrase “stolypins necktie” coined

Answer 21

in 1907 a duma deputy referred to the “hangman’s noose” as that in response to the large number of people that he had executed

Question 22

how did stolypin win over the peasants?

Answer 22

-abolishing redemption payments
-peasants were given the option to move to siberia to grow more food
-introduction of land banks which helped the peasantry start their own farms

Question 23

what percentage of the peasantry had moved away from the communes by 1914

Answer 23

25% of them

Question 24

what were kulaks?

Answer 24

a légué/class of rich prosperous and independent peasants created by stolypins land reforms- these tended to be loyal to the regime

Question 25

since 1861(eots) how much had the population grown?

Answer 25

40%- this lead to cramped condition in industrial towns such as st petersburg which had experienced an increase in less than a third

Question 26

what were the limitations to stolypins land reforms?

Answer 26

-the rate of the peasantry leaving the commune was decreasing and 1/3 of the population still remained landless
-stolypins peasants remained in areas of black earth which were extremely fertile
-intended to strengthen the tsars rule by making people happy and therefore loyal

Question 27

what did stolypin share with witte?

Answer 27

he was disliked by the government

Question 28

when and what was the lena goldfields massacre?

Answer 28

-1912
-in Siberia there was a strike of the workers at the lena goldfields, the tsar sent in the army to tell them to get back to work but when they didnt, they were shot at (160killed and 200 wounded)

Question 29

what followed the lena goldfields massacre?

Answer 29

-increase in political strikes in 1912 however this could also be due to the assassination of stolypin
-there was a general strike in st petersburg in 1914 in which barricades were assembled and the police and the revolutionary’s clashed (this could’ve turned into a revolution however the first world war threw it off)

Question 30

what was Russias relationship with the balkans?

Answer 30

-long history attached to it and they regarded it as their duty to protect the slavic christian people who lived there
-75% of russias grain exports went through the dardanelle straits which were under control by the balkans

Question 31

history of the triple entente?

Answer 31

-as germany became a stronger force chancellor otto von bismarck played with ideas of country’s becoming isolated and and when kaiser william II dismissed him and showed intentions of alliances with A-H this frightened Russia
-they therefore formed an alliance with france as they were a help during the great spurt and their fear of isolation outweighed their previous dislike for each other
-then england joined in 1907 and there was no precise agreement regarding military cooperation but it was understood that they would help each other out

Question 32

how did the tensions occur between russia and A-H?

Answer 32

-A-H annexed bosnia and russia decided not to get involved if they achknowlegde the ownership of the Dardanelles straits. they did not do this
-they then annexed serbia in 1908 and russia demanded compensation but were warned to not get involved
-the balkan wars then happened in 1909-1914 and favoured russian interest = tension

Question 33

why did the war start?

Answer 33

-assassination of Frans Ferdinand in 1914 by serbian nationalists
-A-H declares war on serbia
-germany then plans to attack france through belgium as they’d been waiting for a distraction
-this caused the begium to react and slows down the germans which gives time for russia to mobilise and protect the french and balkans

Question 34

what were the six main issues during the war in 1916?

Answer 34

-food and transport
-living conditions
-prehibition
-army
-N2 as commander in chief
-inflation

Question 35

how much did government spending increase and how did they cope with this?

Answer 35

-between 1914 and 1917 the governments spending increased from 4 million roubles to 30 million
-they therefore printed more money 🙈🍌

Question 36

what was the estimated relationship between price of goods and wages

Answer 36

if wages increased by 100%, prices of goods would have to increase by 300%

Question 37

What was the food and transport situation like?

Answer 37

-the army had first claim over the limited food, horses, fertiliser that they had
-railway system collapsed which lead to goods not being moved around
-in 1916 Petrograd and moscow were receiving a third of the required goods

Question 38

monthly rent for a room increase?

Answer 38

2-3roubles before the war to 8-12 roubles in 1916

Question 39

what percentage of the population was mobilised into the army?

Answer 39

8.8% and in 1918 it had 15.3 million soldiers

Question 40

what was the problem with the army?

Answer 40

they had soldiers but they could not provide the ammunition for them to fight with

Question 41

why was N2 becoming commander in chief a really bad idea?

Answer 41

this meant that he was responsible for russias performance, therefore when it didn’t go well people began to question his authority and the autocratic system as a whole

Question 42

what fraction of the governments revenue came from vodka taxation?

Answer 42

1/3

Question 43

what was the two flaws in the laws made about alcohol?

Answer 43

-deprived drinkers began brewing samagon which was equivalent to western “moonshine/hooch”
-the economy was affected by the fact that a large proportion of the governments revenue came from taxation on alcoholic products

Question 44

what was the effect on moral?

Answer 44

-troops were saddened by the food shortages and transport issues
-victory’s such as the russian offensive were often hard to justify due to the large number of russian casualty’s
-“peasants in uniform”