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Biomedical Science > #3 > Flashcards

#3 Flashcards

1
Q

After strep mutans, which bacteria is a “late colonizer” in dental careis?

A

Lactobacillus

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2
Q

What is the most frequent variant of Hodgkin’s disease?

A

Nodular sclerosis

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3
Q

What is the serum protein that is found in the acute-phase that gives a useful marker of the persistence of and extent of inflammation?

A

C-reactive protein (CRP)

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4
Q

Does the CSF and choroid plexus play a role in the mucosal immune system?

A

NO

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5
Q

What is the molecule that acts as a bearing enhancer for the process of phagocytosis?

A

Opsonins

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6
Q

What disorder is due to vitamin D deficiency in adults? and in children?

A

Osteomalacia

Rickets

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7
Q

What does E. coli heat stable toxin bind to and activate to cause diarrhea?

A

Guanylate cyclase which causes an increase in cGMP

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8
Q

What is the largest virus?

A

poxviridae

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9
Q

In addition to rotovirus, what are two other viruses that spread via the fecal-oral route?

A

Poliovirus and coxsackievirus

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10
Q

-female
-short height
-infertility
-amenohorrea
-webbed neck
-rib notching on a chest x-ray

A

Turner’s syndrome

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11
Q

In children, where does a Wilm’s tumor form? and what is its first sign?

A

-kidney
-painless abdominal mass

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12
Q

Of all permanent premolars, which is most likely to exhibit a transverse ridge?

A

mandibular first premolar

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13
Q

What is a Bennett movement?

A

characterized by the shifting of both condyles along the lateral inclines of the mandibular fossae which results in lateral jaw movement

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14
Q

Which permanent premolar has a buccal cusp that is displaced distally while the lingual cusp is displace mesially?

A

Maxillary first premolar

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15
Q

Which cusp is largest in a permanent mandibular second molar?

A

mesiolingual

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16
Q

Which spinal tract does not cross from right to left (or vice versa)?

A

Vestibulospinal

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17
Q

Which spinal tract crosses twice from right to left and vice versa?

A

Spinocerebellar

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18
Q

What are kuppfer cells? and what is their precursor?

A

-Specialized macrophages in the Liver
-monocytes

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19
Q

What causes impressions in the right lung? (4)

A

-azygos vein
-esophagus
-pulmonary ligament
-inferior vena cava

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20
Q

Which nerve innervates the levator veli palatini?

A

CN X, vagus

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21
Q

Which periodontal fibers are most numerous?

A

oblique

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22
Q

Based on the following symptoms, which CN could be affected?
-difficulty swallowing
-abnormal sensations in the external auditory meatus
-drooping soft palate

A

CN X

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23
Q

Ethmoidal sinus drainage
- Anterior —> ?
- middle —> ?
- posterior —> ?

A
  • middle meatus, semilunar hiatus
    -center of ethmoidal bulla
    -superior meatus
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24
Q

What cells line the gall bladder?
what is their purpose?

A
  • simple columnar epithelium
  • specialize in absorbing water to concentrate bile
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25
Q

At what level of the spinal column is the conus medullaris found?

A

around 1st or 2nd lumbar vertebrae

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26
Q

Function of Rough ER?

A

synthesize proteins

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27
Q

Function of Smooth ER?

A
  • synthesize lipids and steroids
  • metabolize carbs
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28
Q

Function of melanocytes?
Where are they found?

A
  • produce melanin
  • located in stratum basale
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29
Q

Layers of the skin starting at basement membrane

A
  • stratum basale
  • spinosum
  • granulosum
  • lucidum
  • corneum
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30
Q

Function of stratum basale?

A

cells divide by mitosis

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31
Q

Stratum spinosum

A
  • keratin fibers
  • lamellar bodies
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32
Q

stratum granulosum

A
  • keratohyalin
  • protein envelope
  • cells die
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33
Q

stratum lucidum

A
  • dead cells
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34
Q

stratum corneum

A
  • protein envelopes
  • surrounded by lipids
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35
Q

Significant branches of the thyrocervical trunk

A
  • inferior thyroid artery
  • suprascapular artery
  • ascending cervical artery
  • transverse cervical artery
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36
Q

Where is the bond that forms glycogen branches?

A

Alpha 1,6 glycosidic bonds

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37
Q

What is the purpose of Kinesin?

A

mediates intracellular migration of organelles and vesicles (toward the positive end)

38
Q

Function of dynamin

A

GTPase that is responsible for endocytosis in cells

39
Q

Function of filamins

A

non-muscle actin binding proteins, cross-linking actin into dynamic 3-D structures

40
Q

Function of Dynein

A

motor protein in the cell

41
Q

Why is glycine present at every 3rd amino acid in collagen?

A

it is the only AA that can fit in the crowded center of 3 stranded helicies

42
Q

Type 1 collagen

A
  • tendons
  • skin
  • artery walls
  • cornea
  • bones
  • teeth
43
Q

Type 2 collagen

A
  • hyaline cartilage
44
Q

Type 3 collagen

A

-granulation tissue
- intestines
- uterus

45
Q

Type 4 collagen

A
  • basal lamina
  • eye lens
46
Q

What are the 9 essential amino acids?

A

“PVT TIM HaLL”
- phenylalanine
- valine
- tryptophan
- threonin
- isoleucine
- leucine
- histidine
- methionine
- lysine

47
Q

What are the functions fo microtubules?

A
  • chromosome separation
  • organelle movement
  • positioning of golgi and other organelles
  • movement of cilia
48
Q

What are the components of ground substance?

A
  • Glycosaminoglycans
  • proteins
  • which form proteoglycans and fibrous proteins
49
Q

What are Glycosaminoglycans?

A
  • heparin
  • hyaluronic acid
  • chondroitin sulfate
50
Q

Function of integrins

A

transmembrane proteins that attach cells to extracellular matrix proteins of the basement membrane

51
Q

What affect does Higher 2,3 BPG have on hemoglobin?

A

lowers O2 affinity

52
Q

What affect does higher CO have on hemoglobin?

A

higher O2 affinity

53
Q

What affect does higher temp have on hemoglobin?

A

lower O2 affinity

54
Q

What affect does higher pH have on hemoglobin?

A
  • lower H ions
  • lower CO2
  • Higher O2 affinity
55
Q

Function of adenyl cyclase

A

enzyme that synthesizes cAMP from ATP

56
Q

In the urea cycle, how does nitrogen enter?

A
  • aspartate
  • free ammonia
57
Q

Which mycoses has a world wide distribution?

A

coccidioidomycosis

58
Q

What are the 4 cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

A

1- Rudor (redness)
2 - Tumor (tissue swelling)
3 - calor (heat)
4 - dolor (pain)

59
Q

Characteristics of Leptospira interrogans

A
  • transmitted via infected animal urine in the water
  • survive in neutral or alkaline water for 3 months
60
Q

Characteristics of borrelia burgdorferi

A
  • predominant cause of lyme disease
  • transmitted through ticks
61
Q

Characteristics of neisseria meningitides

A
  • spread through the exchange of saliva and respiratory secretions
62
Q

Characteristic of Treponema pallidum

A
  • causes syphilis
62
Q

Characteristics of bartonella quintana

A
  • causes trench fever
  • transmitted through the human body louse
62
Q

What is the direct cause of CNS inflammation due to meningitis?

A
  • tumor necrosis factor
63
Q

What type of immunoassay is generally used to type RBCs for ABO groups?

A

direct hemagglutination assay

64
Q

Characteristics of candida albicans

A
  • thrush in the oral cavity
  • patches of white slough that can be easily wiped away
  • normal flora but opportunistic
65
Q

Characteristics of histoplasma capsulatum

A
  • inhaled airborne spores associated with bird of bat droppings
  • oral manifestations are ulcerating lesions on tongue, gingiva and buccal mucosa
66
Q

how does chlorine exert its disinfecting action?

A
  • acts as an oxidizing agent
  • kills by crosslinking essential sulfhydryl groups thus modifying proteins
67
Q

What disorder is characterized by the symptom “bronze diabetes?”

A

hereditary hemochromatosis

68
Q

gilberts syndrome

A

-mild liver condition, liver doesn’t process bilirubin properly

69
Q

Dubin- johnson syndrome

A
  • inherited, benign disorder of bilirubin metabolism
  • hyperbilirubinemia with normal liver transaminases
70
Q

Crigler-Najjar syndrome

A
  • severe condition
  • high levels of toxic substance called bilirubin in blood
71
Q

Common B-cell neoplams

A
  • hairy cell leukemia
  • burkitt’s lymphoma
  • mantle cell lymphoma
72
Q

What type of cell is affected in angiocentric lymphoma?

A

Natural killer cell

73
Q

Characteristics of Multiple myeloma

A

(CRAB)
- Calcium (elevated)
- renal failure
- anemia
- bone lesions

74
Q

IgG functions

A
  • main form of antibodies in circulation
  • production increased after immunizations
  • secreted during secondary secondary response
75
Q

IgA functions

A
  • found in external secretions
  • saliva
  • mothers milk
  • tears
76
Q

IgM functions

A
  • antigen receptors on lymphocyte surface prior to immunization
  • secreted during primary response
77
Q

IgE functions

A
  • responsible for allergic symptoms in immediate hypersensitivity reactions
78
Q

IgD functions

A
  • antigen receptors on lymphocyte surface prior to immunizations
79
Q

What does the pterygomandibular raphe attach to?

A
  • posterior = pharyngeal constrictor muscles
  • anteriorly = middle of buccinator muscle
  • laterally = ramus of the mandible
  • inferiorly = mylohyoid line of mandible
80
Q

What do Paneth cells in the small intestine secrete?
What is their other name?

A
  • lysozyme - an antimicrobial
  • also called Davidoff’s cells
81
Q

What is the hertwig’s epithelial root sheath?

What tooth germ component gives rise to it?

A
  • it initiates the formation of dentin in the root of a tooth and root form
  • inner and outer enamel epithelium of the enamel organ
82
Q

What intraoral structure forms the sublingual fold?

A
  • the upper edge of the sublingual gland
83
Q

Where does the azygos vein drain?

A
  • superior vena cava
84
Q

What muscle relaxes the vocal cords?

A
  • thyroarytenoid
85
Q

What is the terminal branch of the maxillary artery?

A
  • The sphenopalatine (nasopalatine) artery
86
Q

What layer is most responsible for peristalsis?

A
  • muscularis externa
87
Q

Which nerve is responsible for pain in the posterior half of external ear canal?

A
  • auricular branch of the vagus nerve
88
Q

Which nerve is responsible for pain in the anterior half of external auditory meatus?

A
  • auriculotemporal nerve

Biomedical Science (3 decks)

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