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3 Flashcards

1
Q

Why are horizontal forces more critical than vertical in seismic design?

A

Because structures usually have considerable reserve for dealing with additional vertical loads.

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2
Q

What is design wind pressure?

A

Minimum value for static pressure on exterior surface.

Account for exposure conditions, height, gust, geometry.

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3
Q

What is a moment force? What is a Couple force?

A

moment: tendency of a force to produce rotation about a point or line

Couple: two equal parallel forces acting in opposite directions tending to produce rotation, not translation.

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4
Q

Describe the following three frames: Fixed Frame, Hinged Frame, Three Hinged Frame

A

Fixed Frame - Rigid Frame - fixed joints, resistant to deflection. Sensitive to settlement and thermal expansion/ contraction

Hinged Frame - Rigid Frame - pin joints, reduce bending stress, allow rotation

Three-hinged Frame - two rigid frames connected to support with pin joints, most sensitive to deflection - least affected by settlement and thermal stress

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5
Q

Name beams (wood,steel and concrete) that can span >60’ (18m):

A

Wood = laminated beam (timber), trusses
Steel = OWSJ + trusses
Concrete = precast tees

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6
Q

3 mechanisms for resisting lateral loads:

A

Rigid frames - steel or reinforced concrete with rigid joints (least effective to achieve lateral stability. Only use in low-mid rise buildings)

Shear walls - wood/ concrete/ masonry - resists change of shape and transfer loads to ground.

Braced Frame - timber/ steel - knee brace, k-brace, cross brace

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7
Q

What do vents and traps do in plumbing?

A

Vents permit septic gases to escape and prevent siphonage and backpressure

Traps seal sewer gases from escaping the fixture

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8
Q

List considerations in specifying and designing HVAC systems:

A

Performance - technical and cost efficiency (operational and capital cost)

fuel/ power source - regional availability and efficiency

Flexibility - to meet various demands

Noise and vibration - related to adjacent spaces/ programme

Space consumption - how much room/ area is required and configuration

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9
Q

What is the intent of a fire protection system?

A

Contain fire long enough for safe evacuation of occupants and long enough for firefighters to respond

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10
Q

Why are wet-pipe sprinkler systems the most common?

A

Easy to design, install, maintain and cost less

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11
Q

List ways to improve consistency/ bearing capacity of soil:

A

Bearing capacity - deepen and/or widen footing

Drainage - drain area to improve soil characteristics

remove/fill - remove unstable soil, fill with compact granular material/ engineered fill

Compaction - mechanically compacted

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12
Q

What are cohesive and non cohesive soils? Example of each.

A

Cohesive soils - retain strength when unconfined
Granular soils - fall apart when not confined

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13
Q

What are shallow and deep foundations used? How do they work? Name 3 of each

A

Shallow foundations (strip, beam, SOG): use when stable soils of adequate bearing capacity are present at ground. – transfers load directly to soil near the lowest part of the building.

Deep foundations (piers, piles, walls): use when soil is not stable at ground, extend foundation to more stable medium. – transfer load by end-transfer and adhesion/ friction of soil.

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14
Q

Factor to consider when designing foundations:

A
  1. Subsurface soil/ ground water conditions
  2. Structural requirements - load, configuration, depth/ adjacent property
  3. Construction method - access, site space
  4. Enviro factors - weather, slope condition
  5. codes/regulations
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15
Q

List functions of the foundation system:

A
  1. Transfer building loads to ground
  2. Anchor building against wind/seismic loads
  3. Isolate building from frost heaving/ expansive soils
  4. Basement can also serve as liveable space/ storage/ mech
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16
Q

How is condensation minimized in regards to building envelope?

A

Minimized by placement of thermal insulation and VB/ vapour retarder within an assembly and proper ventilation of concealed spaces (attics, walls, crawl spaces)

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17
Q

What are the 4 D’s when it comes to liquid water resistance?

A

Deflection, drainage, dryness, durability

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18
Q

Explain cladding systems in regards to moisture control: concealed barrier, rainscreen systems, pressure moderated rainscreen.

A

Concealed barrier: (drained cavity systems) shed most water at cladding face, with a membrane behind to let water run down and out (not pressure equalized)

Rainscreen systems: similar to concealed barrier but with large gap

Pressure moderated rainscreen: cladding vented to promote air flow to pass through

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19
Q

What 3 factors help in increasing sound transmission loss (TL)?

A

Separating into layers - staggered stud/ double studs; resilient mounting; air space; seal pipes/ penetrations to maintain continuity; spacing studs (from 400mm oc to 600mm oc can increase STC by 1-2 points)

Mass - heavier/ more dense the greater the TL

Adsorption - soft/ absorptive materials (if using sound insulation in cavity wall, stagger studs or use resilient channel insulation in these assemblies can add up to 10 STC points)

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20
Q

What are two main types of sound sources between spaces? And ways to mitigate?

A

Airborne - mitigate with mass/ insulation/ isolation

Impact - mitigate with discontinuity of materials

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21
Q

List 4 ways to reduce sound transmission of equipment:

A

1 Block paths through plenum spaces (ductwork/ piping), vibration/sound dampers
2 Use resilient mounting and isolate equipment from building structure - reduce transmission of vibration through supporting structure
3 Inertia block - heavy concrete base for equipment
4 Select equipment with low sone rating

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22
Q

What is Apparent Sound Transmission (ASTC)? 2 examples of each

A

Direct transmission = sound through wall (STC rating) factors: insulation, mass

Flanking (indirect) transmission = sound going around walls (through floor/wall connection) factors: joist direction, floor topping, continuity of subfloor through wall

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23
Q

What are the 5 types of Portland cement used for

A

Type I - normal - used for general construction
Type II - moderate - general construction where resistance to moderate sulfate (water/soil) is required, or where heat buildup can be damaging (ie large piers and heavy retaining walls)
Type III - high-early strength cement cures faster and gains strength faster than normal cement. Used when early removal of formwork is desired, or cold-weather construction to reduce time required for heat protection
Type IV - low-heat cement - generates less heat of hydration than normal portland cement. Used in construction of massive concrete structures (ie gravity dams)
Type V - sulfate resisting - required when resistance to severe sulfate action is required

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24
Q

What % of concrete is aggregate? What properties does it give the final product?

A

60-80% – strength, weight, fire resistance

25
Q

What is the difference between coarse and fine aggregate?

A

Fine = sand with particles ¼”

Coarse = crushed stone, gravel, blast furnace slag > ¼” (relevant for reinforce concrete - max size is limited by the area and spacing of rebar)

26
Q

Explain what the following admixtures do: Air-entraining agents; Accelerators; Retarders; Surface-Active Agents; Water-reducing agents; colouring agents

A

Air-entraining agents - air bubbles into mix - increase workability, improve resistance of cured product to cracking/ scaling. In large amounts - can produce lightweight insulating concrete

Accelerators - hasten setting/ strength development of a mix

Retarders - slow the setting/ strength of a mix, more workable time

Surface-active agent - reduce surface tension of mixing water into mix (emulsifying)

Water-reducing agent - reduce amount of mixing water required for desired workability (lower ratio generally increases strength)

Colouring agents - pigment or dye to alter colour

27
Q

What does water cement ratio (of cured concrete) control?

A

Strength (compressive strength), durability, watertightness – for most applications, ratio should be 0.45 - 0.60

28
Q

Why is steel reinforcement required in concrete (5 things)?

A

Absorb tensile, shearing and some compressive stresses

Tie vertical and horizontal elements

Reinforce edges around openings

Minimize shrinkage / cracking

Control thermal expansion/ contraction

29
Q

What are 3 types of face brick ?

A

FBX - minimum variation in size/ colour etc
FBS - wide range of colour/ variation
FBA - nonuniformity in size/ colour/ texture

30
Q

What are 4 types of mortar?

A

Type M - high strength - high lateral or compressive loads or severe frost action
Type S - medium-high strength - high flexural bond - normal loads
Type N - medium strength - general use above grade
Type O - medium-low strength, non-load bearing interior walls/ partitions

31
Q

What is non ferrous metal? Vs ferrous metal?

A

Non ferrous = no iron (copper, aluminum, lead)
Ferrous = with iron (steel, cast iron, wrought iron)

32
Q

How are tensile and compressive forces best handled for wood grain?

A

In a direction parallel to the grain

33
Q

What moisture must wood be at to be decay-resistant?

A

Moisture content is <20%

34
Q

5 types of insulation (and rough r value of each)?

A

Loose fill ~R3/inch
Batt (or blanket) ~ R3/inch
Rigid ~R5/inch
Spray ~R6/inch
Cast ~R1.5/inch

35
Q

What are 4 principles to control layers in a wall?

A

Rain control - ie cladding
Air control - ie AB
Vapour control - VB
Thermal control - insulation

36
Q

Discuss mass as it relates to sound transmission through GWB.

A

Mass (density) reduces sound transmission (more dense = better STC)

Doubling GWB weight can add 10 points to STC rating (weight not thickness)

Add more layers (from 1 to 2) – not internal layers, keep cavity depth

37
Q

Firestop vs. Fire block

A

Firestop = material/ components used to fill gaps/ penetrations at fire separations (ie intumescents, silicone, rubber, cementitious)

Fire block = material/ components used to restrict spread of fire within or from a concealed space

38
Q

What is the main cause of water infiltration into a wall assembly?

A

Pressure difference across the wall assembly - high pressure (high humidity) at interior migrates to low pressure (low humidity) at exterior, without a VB condensation forms in insulation then leads to mold

39
Q

3 methods of specifications

A

Proprietary - trade name

Prescriptive - detailed statement about products, system, material (arch is liable)

Performance - describes how material/ system will perform/ end result. Ref standards (contractor liable)

40
Q

Components of a specification:

A

General - Summary, References, Definitions, admin/ tech requirements (System Description, Submittals, Quality Assurance, Delivery/Storage/Handling, Project/ Site Conditions, Sequencing, Scheduling, Warranty, System Start-Up, Owner’s Instructions, Commissioning, Maintenance)

Product - equipment, fixtures, materials, finishes, mixes, components, manufactures/ fabrications - all to be incorporated in the work

Execution - Installers, Examination, Construction Reinstallation, Field Quality Control, Adjusting, Cleaning, Demonstration, Protection, Schedules

41
Q

What is the function of the working drawings?

A

Communicate building design into a graphic format, illustrate extent, location and quantity of various building elements. Must include - location of components (detail bubble); name/ identification of the components; shape and form of design; details of connections/ joints

Until ready to be issued as bid or contract documents, often referred to as “progress” documents (drawings or specifications). These interim versions of design information are used to communicate and distribute information within the design team and to others, as appropriate at various stages of development or as needed.

42
Q

MasterFormat divs specific to each discipline:

A

Architectural 00-14, 31, 33
Structural 00-06
Mechanical 00-01, 21-25
Electrical 00-01 26-28
Civil 00-01, 31-33, 35
Services 00-01, 14, 21-28

43
Q

What are 6 types of sound that can reach a listener?

A

Incident sound (mirror/ reflects)

Diffracted sound (bent by obstacle path)

Airborne sound (direct source)

Attenuation from source (amplitude as it spreads)

Echoes (reflected)

Convergence of sound waves from concave surface

44
Q

List 3 types of strengthened glass:

A

Tempered = 3-5x more resistant to fail. Impact along edge will shatter sheet

Heat strengthened = stronger than annealed glass, less susceptible to shatter due to edge impact

Laminated = holds together if broken, can be used for solar heat control, sound control, blast resistance

45
Q

List 4 ways to prevent moisture infiltration:

A

Sills and drip edge

Drainage holes in cladding

sealants/ gaskets

Lapped and locked joints

46
Q

What STC rating does NBC rqr for dwelling units?

A

STC 50

47
Q

STC ratings:

A

Normal speech through wall = 25
Loud speech heard through wall = 30
Loud speech heard but not understood = 35
Loud speech faint through wall = 42-45
Loud sound heard through wall = 46-50
Soundproof = +65

48
Q

How does ASTME define soil types?

A

Description (silty gravel)
Bearing capacity ( 5000 psf)
Susceptibility slight (slight)
Permeability + drainage (poor)

49
Q

Describe layers of a typ concrete slab assembly:

A

100mm slab thickness
Welded wire/ rebar - reinforcement
6 mil poly
50mm sand
100mm min base gravel/ crushed stone
Stable uniform dense soil

50
Q

3 main concrete joints?

A

Isolation (expansion) = allows movement between slabs and adj columns

Construction (control/ isolation) = construction stop and start again, keyed or doweled

Control = lines of weakness so cracking can occur at predetermined lines (space ~15’-20’)

51
Q

Pros of wood as a structural material:

A

Easy to work with
Renewable
Flexible
Light
Exposed timber
Good in compression and tension

52
Q

Pros of concrete as a structural material:

A

Freedom of form
Fire protected
Exposed structure
Inexpensive
Good in compression - must be paired with reinforcing for tension

53
Q

Pros of steel as a structural material:

A

Modular
Long spans
Light
Stiff and elastic

54
Q

What is lightweight concrete made of? What is insulating concrete made with?

A

Lightweight = Expanded shale or slate aggregate

Insulating = Perlite aggregate or foam agent

55
Q

MasterFormat is subdivided into hierarchy, list 4 main org structures

A

-divisions
-sections
-parts (1. General 2 products 3 execution)
-articles (major subject comprised of paragraphs)

56
Q

How does a heat pump work? Pros and cons?

A

transfers heat from warm to cool space

pros: efficiency, electric, comfort/ quality

cons: higher capital cost, only for moderate climates (not as good for cooling), can be noisy

57
Q

what is the role of the project manual?

A

should provide all of the information required to:

prepare confident bids or accurate construction cost estimates (quantity & type of materials, application);

obtain the building permit and other approvals from authorities having jurisdiction;

plan and direct the sequence of construction work across all trades in a manner appropriate to the achievement of workmanship and performance requirements for the project.

58
Q

What are the contents of the project manual

A

bid requirements (invitation, info, instructions, bid forms, bid security forms)

contract forms (agreement, performance bonds, payment bonds, certificates)

contract conditions (general and supplementary)

specifications

59
Q

Flashing locations

A
  1. Roof valleys, ridges, hips, change in roof pitch
  2. roof penetrations (chimneys, roof drains, vent pipes and skylights)
  3. window and door openings
  4. roof eaves and rakes
  5. floor and wall intersections
  6. intersections between roofs and vertical surfaces
  7. where building meets ground
  8. expansion joints and other breaks in building skin

ex (5 decks)

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