3-04.4

Question 1

Define angle of incidence

Answer 1

The angle between the chord line and the relative wind

Question 2

Dfine angle of attack

Answer 2

the angle between the chord line and the resultant relative wind

Question 3

Describe the different types of rotor heads.

Answer 3

Fully articulated: there are hinges incorporated into the rotor head that allow the blade to flap, feather, lead and lag.
Semi-articulated: the rotor system has a seesaw mechanism located at the hub allowing the rotor to flap
rigid: the rotor system relies on the flexibility of the blades to absorb the aerodynamic forces

Question 4

Define gyroscopic procession

Answer 4

in a spinning gyro any mechanical input in the system takes place 90* later in the procession of the gyro

Question 5

Define translating tendency

Answer 5

tail rotor thrust, used to compensate for main rotor torque, generates lateral thrust as a by product

Question 6

Define dysmmetry of lift

Answer 6

The unequal production of lift between the advancing and retreating blades as a consequence of forward airspeed

Question 7

What are the three types of drag? describe each.

Answer 7

Parasite: drag created from non-lifting surfaces of the aircraft
Profile: drag created from the skin of the airfoil
Induced: drag created from the generation of life (i.e. wingtip vorticies)

Question 8

Define effective translational lift. What airspeed is it associated with?

Answer 8

ETL is the more optimal production of lift caused by the rotor system advancing into clean air. it happens around 16 to 24 knots.

Question 9

Define transverse flow. What speeds is it usually associated with?

Answer 9

Transverse flow is the uneven production of lift between the front and aft part of the rotorsystem due to the aft portion running into the turbulence of the front portion. Due to gyroscopic procession this casues the aircraft to roll laterally and is associated with speeds of 10-20 knots.

Question 10

What is mushing?

Answer 10

Mushing is a temporary stall condition in helicopters when rapid aft cyclic is applied at high forward airspeeds.

Question 11

from 0-60* bank, in increments of 15, list the additional TQ required to maintain altitude.

Answer 11

0* - 0%TQ
15* - 3.6%TQ
30* - 15.5%TQ
45* - 41.4% TQ
60* - 100%TQ

Question 12

Define settling with power. Describe the appropriate recovery procedure.

Answer 12

Settling with power is when the aircraft descends into its own downwash increasing the resultant relative wind and decreasing the lift generated by the blades. lower thrust (altitude permitting) apply lateral cyclic or pedal input.

Question 13

What conditions must be present for setlling with power to occur

Answer 13

descent of greater than 300 FPM
20-100% power applied
Slower than ETL

Question 14

What flight conditions are conducive to settling with power?

Answer 14

downwind approaches
steep approach @ high rate of descent
masking and unmasking
hovering above max hover ceiling
not maintainging conastant hover at OGE hover ceiling
formation flight approach

Question 15

Define dynamic rollover

Answer 15

a lateral rolling tendency

Question 16

What are the conditions required for dynamic rollover

Answer 16

rolling motion
a tipping point
exceeding the critical angle

Question 17

What human factors are present in dynamic rollover

Answer 17

inattentiveness
inexperience
incorrect control input
failure to take timely corrective action
loss of visual reference

Question 18

Define retreating blade stall

Answer 18

as forward airspeed increases the retreating blade requires a higher AoA to match the advancing blade until a mechanical limit is reached resulting in a stall.

Question 19

What conditions produce retreatng blade stall?

Answer 19

excessive loading
low rotor RPM
high density altitude
High-G maneuvers
Turbulent air

Question 20

How do you recover from retreating blade stall?

Answer 20

reduce thrust
reduce airspeed
reduce severity of maneuver
increase rotor RPM to normal limits
descend to lower altitude

Question 21

Define ground resonance

Answer 21

May develope in a fully articulated rotor system when a series of shocks causes the rotor blades to be positioned in an unbalanced displacement

Question 22

Define empty weight

Answer 22

AC structure wieght plus; comms, controls, electrical, hydraulic, instrument, and power plant systems, furnishings, anti-ice equipment, aux powerplant, flotation, landing gear, armament, and and towing provisions

Question 23

Define basic weight

Answer 23

including all oil & hydraulic systems full, trapped and unusable fuel, and all fixed equipment

Question 24

Define operating weight

Answer 24

basic weight plus aircrew, aircrew’s baggage, emergency gear and other equipment required. Does not include fuel, ammo, bombs, cargo, or external fuel tanks to be disposed of in-flight.

Question 25

Define gross weight

Answer 25

total weight of AC and its contents

Question 26

Define takeoff grossweight

Answer 26

includs operating weight plus fuel, cargo, ammo, bombs, aux fuel tanks, and other materials carried.

Question 27

Define landing gross weight

Answer 27

takeoff gross weight minus items expended during flight

Question 28

Define useful load

Answer 28

difference between empty and gross weight and includes fuel, oil, crew, passengers, cargo and other materials carried

Question 29

What are some advantages/disadvantages of internal loading?

Answer 29

advantages: flights can be NOE, higher speeds, cargo protected from WX, better protection for fragile equipment, less power required and endurance is increased.
disadvantages: must land to load and unload, LZ/PZ may require some prep, time consuming

Question 30

What are some advantages/disadvantages of external loads?

Answer 30

advantages: can carry cargo too large for internal capacity, loading & unloading is faster
disadvantages: limits minimum altitude of AC, load is not protected from weather, creates additional drag

Question 31

What are the three categories of external loads?

Answer 31

low density
high density
aerodynamic

Question 32

What are the supported units responsibilities for loads?

Answer 32

priority for transport of cargo
prepping internal cargo by AC load including shoring
provide trained personnel, material, or handling equipment required to accomplish cargo prep, rigging, hook up release, or de-reigging
preparing external cargo
prepping dangerous cargo

Question 33

What are the supporting aviation units responsibilities for loads?

Answer 33

Provide liasion (allowable cargo load)
supply SPECIAL equipment for internal/external loads
supply technical supervision

Question 34

Define line of demarcation

Answer 34

point on a mountain or ridge seperating up-flow from down-flow air

Question 35

What should you do when icing is encountered?

Answer 35

descend or climb as appropriate to an altitude clear of cloudsor out of the temperature range for icing

Question 36

describe night blind spots

Answer 36

Occurs when the fovea becomes inactive in low light, 5 to 10 degrees, in center of visual field

Question 37

Name the four monocular cues

Answer 37

Geometric perspective
Retinal image size
Aerial perspective
motion parallax

Question 38

What conitions can cause ground resonance?

Answer 38

defective drag dampers leading to excessive lead and lag creating angular unbalance
improperly serviced or defective landing gear struts
hard landing on one wheel
hesitant or bouncing landings

Question 39

How does a Chinook compensate for dsymmetry of lift?

Answer 39

automatic cycling feathering systems (LCT’s) at low speeds blade flapping compensates

Question 40

What are some hazards to night flight?

Answer 40

worse obstruction detection
easier to become spatially disoriented
depth perception is worse

Question 41

What are hazards to terrain flight?

Answer 41

physical/man-made
natural hazards
Wx hazards
Human

Question 42

Minimum altitude above national parks, wildlife refugees, and monuments?

Answer 42

2000’