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[MT 6319] Molecular Biology & Diagnostics Lecture > [2S] UNIT 3.3 Translation > Flashcards

[2S] UNIT 3.3 Translation Flashcards

1
Q

Taking the mRNA utilize it as
a template to synthesize protein

A

Translation

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2
Q

Set of instructions and ingredients to make a particular protein. o Orientation 5’ methylguanosine cap to 3’ poly A Tail

A

Mature RNA

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3
Q

Sequence of nucleotide that come in triplet

A

Codons

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4
Q

All __ codons have been assigned meaning (see Table of Degenerative Genetic Code)

A

64

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5
Q

Number of codons coding for amino acids

A

61

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6
Q

Number of codons serving as the termination signals (nonsense codons)

A

3

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7
Q

3 nonsense codons

A

UGA
UAG
UAA

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8
Q

Carries the amino acid domain

A

CCA tail

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9
Q

GENETIC CODE CHARACTERISTICS

5 prime to 3 prime (mRNA)

A

Comma less

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9
Q

GENETIC CODE CHARACTERISTICS

tRNA is read through every codon
○ If two nucleotides occur between each codon they are not skipped

A

Comma less

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10
Q

GENETIC CODE CHARACTERISTICS

Translation occurs continuously from end to end

A

Comma less

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11
Q

GENETIC CODE CHARACTERISTICS

The ribosomes will always translate the mRNA by the codons and give 1 amino acid for it

A

Non-overlapping

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12
Q

GENETIC CODE CHARACTERISTICS

“Degenerate”

A

Redundant

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13
Q

GENETIC CODE CHARACTERISTICS

The ribosomes on the other hand won’t overlap the reading

A

Non-overlapping

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14
Q

GENETIC CODE CHARACTERISTICS

They only code for 1 amino acid “Serine”

A

Redundant

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15
Q

GENETIC CODE CHARACTERISTICS

2 exceptions of redundancy

A

AUG (Methionine)
UGG (Tryptophan)

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16
Q

A nucleoside that is derived from adenosine, consisting of the purine base hypoxanthine attached to a ribose sugar

A

Inosine

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17
Q

In the degenerate or redundant codons, the first
nucleotide in the corresponding sequence of the anticodon is?

A

WOBBLE EFFECT: Inosine

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18
Q

Decreases the rate of mutation

A

Inosine

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19
Q

Due to the versatility of _______ and the ________ ______, if just one nucleotide in the codon is changed, the amino acid will not change at all.

A

inosine; Wobble Effect

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19
Q

What effect?

Because the inosine nucleotide will give a leeway for a few sequence of nucleotides that gets to be changed during a mutation
○ Inosine = Adenine
○ Inosine = Uracil
○ Inosine = Cytosine

A

Wobble Effect

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19
Q

Part of tRNA molecule that acts as the amino acid domain where amino acids bind

A

CCA tail

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20
Q

PARTS OF TRNA

Attached to the 5’ end

A

Phosphate group

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20
Q

A prototype tRNA molecule is made up of ____ nucleotides

A

75-94

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20
Q

Gives the tRNA the ability to carry amino acids

A

CCA tail

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20
Q

PARTS OF TRNA

Attached to the 3’ end

A

Hydroxyl group

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21
Q

T/F: tRNA ends with a CCA tail

A

T

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21
Q

PARTS OF TRNA

It is called T because it contains modified nitrogenous bases in
the form of ribothymidine (T) and contains Pseudouridine (U)

A

T-Arm (T loop)

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21
Q

PARTS OF TRNA

It enables RNA to tether to the ribosome so it would not be shaky as the elongation process goes on.

A

T-Arm (T loop)

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22
Q

T-arm contains modified nitrogenous bases in
the form of _______ (T) and contains _________ (U)

A

Ribothymidine; Pseudouridine

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23
Q

PARTS OF TRNA

It has modified nitrogenous bases in the form of dihydrouridine

A

D-Arm (D loop)

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24
Q

PARTS OF TRNA

It enables aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase to recognize the tRNA molecule

A

D-Arm (D loop)

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25
Q

PARTS OF TRNA

Amino-acyl-tRNA synthetase
recognizes if a specific tRNA carries a different amino acid

A

D-Arm (D loop)

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26
Q

PARTS OF TRNA

Binding site of tRNA synthetase

A

D-Arm (D loop)

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27
Q

PARTS OF TRNA

It is the 34th to 36th sequence of nucleotides that make up the tRNA

A

Anticodon loop

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27
Q

PARTS OF TRNA

The attachment of the phosphate group in the 5’ carbon and attachment
hydroxyl functional group in the 3’ end carbon is universal to all nucleic acids whether it may be any type of DNA or RNA

A

Anticodon loop

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28
Q

tRNA CHARGING

T/F: On its own, tRNA does not carry amino acids

A

T

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29
Q

tRNA CHARGING

Start: _____ strand that carries start codon AUG

A

mRNA

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30
Q

mRNA carries AUG (AUG anticodon: UAC)

Where did the tRNA molecule with UAC anticodon get the methionine amino acid?

A

ATP → PP is cleaved away from its nucleotide = AMP → bonds w/ phosphate group (meth) = S-adenosylmethionine

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31
Q

A nucleoside monophosphate carrying an amino acid

A

Aminoacyl-tRNA

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32
Q

tRNA CHARGING

Generic name for the molecule

A

Amino Acyl AMP

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33
Q

It is called ____ since the amino acid that is bound to the nucleotide lacks 1 hydrogen atom

A

Acyl

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34
Q

tRNA CHARGING

Recognizes that the anticodon of the tRNA is complementary to the amino acid that it carries

A

Aminoacyl synthetase

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35
Q

tRNA CHARGING

After recognition, it would now charge the amino acid to the CCA tail of tRNA molecule

A

Aminoacyl synthetase

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36
Q

It can recognize the tRNA molecule through the D-arm

A

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

36
Q

Holds the aminoacyl AMP molecule

A

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

36
Q

tRNA CHARGING: AMINOACYL SYNTHETASE

T/F: The carboxyl end of the amino acid binds to the OH group of the CCA tail in the 5’ end of the tRNA molecule. This would liberate the AMP molecule at the same time

A

F; 3’ end

37
Q

Has unique molecular configuration that enables it to check the anticodon that
corresponds to the amino acid that it carries

A

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

38
Q

Functions contribute in associating the amino acids utilized in the translation
process to the amino acid domain in the tRNA molecule

A

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

39
Q

Major/Main difference between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Ribosomes

40
Q

Similarities of eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA

A

2 subunits (large & small)
Molecular composition (ribosomes)

41
Q

EUKARYOTIC RIBOSOME

● Large Subunit size: __
● Small Subunit size: __
● Total size (Large and Small Subunits): ___

A

60S
40S
80S

We are expressing a rate of sedimentation

42
Q

PROKARYOTIC RIBOSOME

● Large Subunit size: __
● Small Subunit size: __
● Total size (Large and Small Subunits): ___

42
Q

ODD ONE OUT: 30S INHIBITORS

Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Chloramphenicol
Glycylcycline-Tigecycline

A

Chloramphenicol (50S) bsta TAG ang 30S

42
Q

3 phases of translation

A

● Initiation
● Chain elongation
● Chain termination

43
Q

INITIATION OF PROKARYOTES

GGAGGU sequence

A

Shine Dalgarno Sequence

44
Q

INITIATION OF PROKARYOTES

Purine rich

A

Shine Dalgarno Sequence

45
Q

INITIATION OF PROKARYOTES

It is a ribosome binding site by the base pairing of pyrimidine rich sequence (3’ end of the 60S prime end) - ribosomal RNA

A

Shine Dalgarno Sequence

45
Q

INITIATION OF PROKARYOTES

Starts at 5’ prime

A

Shine Dalgarno Sequence

46
Q

INITIATION OF PROKARYOTES

Complex made up of small ribosomal subunits and the mRNA (3-5)

A

Shine Dalgarno Sequence

46
Q

INITIATION OF PROKARYOTES

Acts as the start (signal) of the translation process for prokaryotes

A

Shine Dalgarno Sequence

47
Q

INITIATION OF PROKARYOTES

Binded by Initiation Factor-3 which strengthens the binding of mRNA to the 30S small ribosomal units

A

Shine Dalgarno Sequence

48
Q

INITIATION OF PROKARYOTES

Prevents immature binding of the 50S subunit because we do not want the ribosomal 50S to be randomly pairing with the codons present in the mRNA strand

A

SHINE DALGARNO: Initiation Factor-3

49
Q

INITIATION OF PROKARYOTES

Binds to the tRNA and carries with it GTP. It helps deliver the initiator tRNA to the ribosome.

A

SHINE DALGARNO: Initiation Factor-2

50
Q

INITIATION OF PROKARYOTES

It ensures that the ribosome only accepts the correct initiator tRNA (which carries the first amino acid, methionine) and prevents the binding of other tRNAs that could lead to errors

A

SHINE DALGARNO: Initiation Factor-1

51
Q

INITIATION OF PROKARYOTES

Binds to the initiator tRNA and helps it attach to the ribosome at the start codon (AUG)

A

SHINE DALGARNO: Initiation Factor-2

52
Q

INITIATION OF PROKARYOTES

Binds to GTP, it provides the energy needed for the initiator tRNA to properly fit into the ribosome

A

SHINE DALGARNO: Initiation Factor-2

53
Q

INITIATION OF PROKARYOTES

Comes in the picture and binds initiation factor-3 on the lower part and initiation
factor-2 at the top

A

SHINE DALGARNO: Initiation Factor-1

54
Q

INITIATION OF PROKARYOTES

Carried by IF-2

55
Q

INITIATION OF PROKARYOTES

Very highly energized

56
Q

INITIATION OF PROKARYOTES

IF-1, IF-2, and IF-3 would break down GTP to
form ____ and _______ making lots of energy

A

GDP and Inorganic complex

57
Q

INITIATION OF PROKARYOTES

T/F: After binding with the 3 IFs, the large ribosomal subunit needs more initiation factors

A

F; does not need

58
Q

INITIATION OF PROKARYOTES

Modified form of the amino acid methionine

A

fMet (N-formylmethionine)

59
Q

INITIATION OF PROKARYOTES

GTP Process Result: large ribosomal subunit, small
ribosomal subunit, tRNA molecule with the _________ bound with the start codon
(mRNA molecule)

A

n-formylmethionine (f-met)

60
Q

INITIATION OF PROKARYOTES

ODD ONE OUT: GTP PROCESS RELEASES:

GDP
Inorganic Phosphate
GTP
IF-1
IF-2
IF-3

61
Q

INITIATION OF PROKARYOTES

The first amino acid incorporated into newly synthesized proteins. It is the result of adding a formyl group to methionine.

A

fMet (N-formylmethionine)

62
Q

INITIATION OF EUKARYOTIC CELL

Chain initiation of the eukaryotic translation

A

43S Preinitiation Complex

62
Q

INITIATION OF EUKARYOTIC CELL

The formation of the 43s preinitiation complex starts with the ___ small ribosomal subunit

63
Q

INITIATION OF EUKARYOTIC CELL

ODD ONE OUT: 43S PREINITIATION COMPLEX

tRNA
Methionine
GTP
Eukaryotic Initiation Factors
40S Ribosomal Unit
50S Ribosomal Unit

A

50S Ribosomal Unit eukaryotic nga dba

64
Q

INITIATION OF EUKARYOTIC CELL

4 types of eukaryotic initiation factors bind to
the 40s ribosomal subunit

A

IF-A1, IF-3, IF-2, eif2

65
Q

INITIATION OF EUKARYOTIC CELL

Binds tRNA (that carries methionine and GTP)

A

Eukaryotic initiation factor 2

65
Q

INITIATION OF EUKARYOTIC CELL

The 43S subunit and eukaryotic initiation factors
constitute?

A

48s preinitiation complex

66
Q

INITIATION OF EUKARYOTIC CELL

GTP → broken down into GDP & Inorg Phosphate → creates energy → large ribosomal unit breaks it down one by one

A

48S Preinitiation Complex

66
Q

INITIATION OF EUKARYOTIC CELL

Large ribosomal subunit and small ribosomal subunit -packages the mRNA molecule to the 5 prime to the 3’ prime -hammers them to the start of translation process

A

48S Preinitiation Complex

67
Q

ELONGATION OF EUKARYOTIC CELL

3 Different sites found in the large ribosomal subunit

A

Aminoacyl site (arrival site)
Peptidyl site
Exit site

68
Q

ELONGATION OF EUKARYOTIC CELL

At the start codon the large and small ribosomal subunit sandwiches the mRNA molecule to the ___ end

A

5’ to 3’

69
Q

ELONGATION OF EUKARYOTIC CELL

tRNA that carries methionine

70
Q

ELONGATION OF EUKARYOTIC CELL

we should bring tRNA molecule in this site but tRNA cannot just enter the
arrival site that’s why eukaryotic elongation factor 1 is needed as a helper molecule

70
Q

ELONGATION OF EUKARYOTIC CELL

Rings tRNA to bind to the messenger RNA to the AUA codon

A

Eukaryotic elongation factor 1

71
Q

ELONGATION OF EUKARYOTIC CELL

In the large ribosomal subunit, there are 2 amino acids seated closely
together ______ & ______ form a strong bond = ______ bond

A

Methionine & Isoleucine; Peptide

71
Q

ELONGATION OF EUKARYOTIC CELL

The large ribosomal subunit would then again break down GTP into: GDP and inorganic phosphate which enables the _______ to make an opening for the tRNA to bind to the mRNA within the large ribosomal subunit

A

Eukaryotic elongation factor 1

71
Q

ELONGATION OF EUKARYOTIC CELL

In the large ribosomal subunit, the ___ is not needed anymore so it is
ticked off

72
Q

ELONGATION OF EUKARYOTIC CELL

Blocks methionine from tRNA

A

Peptidyl transferase

73
Q

ELONGATION OF EUKARYOTIC CELL

T/F: A-site and P-site has peptidyl transferase

A

F; only A-site has this, P-site loses its amino acid

74
Q

ELONGATION OF EUKARYOTIC CELL

PEPTIDYL TRANSFERASE: translocation then takes place but in order for translocation to occur, we
need energy; hence, we need _____ because this factor carries with it a GTP
molecule

75
Q

ELONGATION OF EUKARYOTIC CELL

T/F: PEPTIDYL TRANSFERASE

GTP is broken down again into: GDP and inorganic phosphate. The energy produced would create a shift to the A site to the P site

76
Q

Occurs in the ribosome in the stop codon (UAA) along the RNA molecule

A

Termination

77
Q

T/F: In termination, there is no tRNA will be brought in the A-site once the ribosome hits stop codon

77
Q

TERMINATION

_____ _____ jumps in the a-site, unique because they can read and recognize and bind to the stop codon

A

Release factor

78
Q

Stops the translation process

A

Release factor

78
Q

RER

A growing peptide, which has a series of 16-30 amino acid residues which are recognized by the Signal Recognition Protein (SRP)

A

Signal Sequence

78
Q

RER

The signal sequence is recognized by this protein and would drag the ribosome and polypeptide complex to the outer membrane of the ER

A

Signal Recognition Protein (SRP)

79
Q

How does the Release factor stop the translation?

A

○ Jumps to the A-site and binds to the stop codon
○ Stops the translation process
○ Releases the peptide in the P-site, the peptide would then be incorporated into
the cell membrane, secreted in the extracellular fluid, etc.

79
Q

ODD ONE OUT: FREE RIBOSOMES

Cytosolic proteins
Nuclear proteins
Mitochondrial enzymes
Meroxisomal enzymes
Membrane proteins

A

Membrane Proteins

Free Rib: CNu c MiMer

79
Q

ODD ONE OUT: RER

Lysosomal proteins
Nuclear proteins
Secreted proteins
Membrane proteins

A

Nuclear proteins

RER: LSM

80
Q

PROTEINS FOUND IN THE CYTOPLASM

Ribosome and polypeptide
complex binds in ____

A

SRPR / Signal Recognition Particle Receptor

81
Q

Proteins found in the cytoplasm

A

STS
1. Signal Recognition Particle Receptor
2. Translocon
3. Signal Peptidase

82
Q

PROTEINS FOUND IN THE CYTOPLASM

The 2 GDP produced in this
process opens up the
_____ which allows the ribosome to sit on the rough ER giving its rough appearance

A

translocon

83
Q

PROTEINS FOUND IN THE CYTOPLASM

TRANSLOCON: After energy is released, SRPR slams to the ribosome and sends growing polypeptide to the ____of the rough ER

84
Q

PROTEINS FOUND IN THE CYTOPLASM

Lives under the rough ER

A

Signal Peptidase

84
Q

PROTEINS FOUND IN THE CYTOPLASM

Cuts off the signal sequence,
liberates the peptide in the
lumen of the rough ER closes the translocon, and removes RNA in the top of rough er, RNA will eventually dissociates

A

Signal Peptidase

85
Q

PROTEINS FOUND IN THE CYTOPLASM

This protein will be then
secreted into the extracellular fluid, incorporated as a structural proteins of the membrane or become a lysosomal protein

A

Signal Peptidase

[MT 6319] Molecular Biology & Diagnostics Lecture (9 decks)

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