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[MT 6319] Molecular Biology & Diagnostics Lecture > [1S] UNIT 1.2 History of Molecular Biology > Flashcards

[1S] UNIT 1.2 History of Molecular Biology Flashcards

1
Q

ORIGINS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

T/F: Arose from the convergence of work by geneticists, physicists and structural chemists on the nature of inheritance.

A

T

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2
Q

ORIGINS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

T/F: Molecular diagnostics is relatively a young science tracing back from the 1930s to 1940s and becoming institutionalized on the 1950s and 1960s.

A

F; Molecular biology

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3
Q

The study of biomolecules and biomolecular mechanisms that occur in living organisms.

A

Molecular Biology

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4
Q

Mainly focused on the structure and function of gene: molecular nature of the gene, gene replication, mutation and repair and gene expression

A

Molecular Biology

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5
Q

The study of molecular basis of life such as biochemical processes that control information flow through biochemical signalling and the flow of chemical energy through metabolism.

A

Biochemistry

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6
Q

Deals with the structures and functions of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids.

A

Biochemistry

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7
Q

T/F: Molecular biology and biochemistry are closely related disciplines. Initially, biochemistry focuses on proteins and enzymes until it includes nucleic acids and the molecular mechanisms by which genetic information from DNA results in the processes of life.

A

T

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8
Q

The term “molecular biology” was coined by _______ ______ of the Rockefeller Foundation in 1938 – in recognition of the importance of new physical and structural chemical approaches to biology.

A

Warren Weaver

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9
Q

_______ _______ work on transmission of inheritable traits – Law of Aggregation & Law of Independent Assortment

A

Gregor Mendel

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10
Q

Father of Modern Genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

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11
Q

Discovered “nuclein” a new molecule from the cell nucleus and believed that proteins were the molecules of heredity, in 1869.

A

Friedrich Miescher

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12
Q

previously thought the transforming principle is now called the DNA.

A

Nuclein

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13
Q

In 1928, ________ ________ was studying two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae that varied dramatically in both their appearance and their virulence. Specifically, the highly virulent S strain had a smooth capsule (polysaccharide), while the nonvirulent R strain lacked a capsule.

A

Frederick Griffith

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14
Q

found that mice inoculated with either the heat-killed virulent bacteria or the living avirulent bacteria remained free of infection, but mice inoculated with a mixture of both became infected and died.

A

TRANSFORMING PRINCIPLE: Frederick Griffith

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15
Q

hypothesized that a chemical component from the virulent S cells had somehow transformed the R cells into the more virulent S form

A

TRANSFORMING PRINCIPLE: Frederick Griffith

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16
Q

In 1944, ________, _______, _______ used a process of elimination to identify the transforming principle.

A

Oswald Avery, Colin McLeod and Maclyn McCarty

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17
Q

T/F: According to Griffith, DNA is the hereditary material. Thus, transformation cannot occur unless DNA is present.

A

F; Oswald Avery, Colin McLeod and Maclyn McCarty

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18
Q

DNA AS THE GENETIC MATERIAL

In 1952, they prove that DNA is the transforming principle and not protein using series of experiments involving T2 bacteriophages.

A

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

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19
Q

DNA AS THE GENETIC MATERIAL

are viruses that infect bacteria (T2 bacteriophage infects E. coli) and widely used for studying genetic transmission.

A

Bacteriophages

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20
Q

DNA AS THE GENETIC MATERIAL

Consists both of protein and DNA which can be selectively incorporated by radioactive isotopes for tracing of bacterial infection. (32-phosphate for DNA and 35-sulfur for protein).

A

T2 bacteriophage

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21
Q

The elucidation of the double helical nature of DNA must be attributed to the contributions of key scientists (______, _______, ______) including the X-ray crystallography done by _______ ________ & _________ _______.

A

Miescher, Levene and Chargaff
Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling

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22
Q

Discover the order of the three major components of a single nucleotide (phosphate-sugar-base), carbohydrate component of RNA (ribose), carbohydrate component of DNA (deoxyribose)

A

Phoebus Levene

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23
Q

first to correctly identify the way RNA and DNA molecules are put together

A

Phoebus Levene

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24
Q

● the nucleotide composition of DNA varies among species
● almost all DNA-no matter what organism or tissue type it comes from maintains certain properties even composition varies (“Chargaff Rules”)
● In particular: A = T; C = G (A + G) = (C + T)

A

Erwin Chargaff

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25
Q

In 1951, she was offered a 3-year research scholarship to help set-up and improve the X-ray Crystallography unit at King’s College.

A

Rosalind Franklin

26
Q

In 1951, she was offered a 3-year research scholarship to help set-up and improve the X-ray Crystallography unit at King’s College.

A

Rosalind Franklin

27
Q

Working with a student, Raymond Gosling, they were able to generate two sets of high-resolution photos of crystallized DNA fibers

A

Rosalind Franklin

28
Q

Deduced that basic dimensions of DNA strands, and that the phosphates were on the outside, probably hinting like a helical structure.

A

Rosalind Franklin

29
Q

PUTTING THE EVIDENCE TOGETHER

They contributed to Watson and Crick’s derivation of the 3-dimensional, double helical model of the structure of DNA.

A

Rosalind Franklin, Raymond Gosling and Maurice Wilkins

30
Q

PUTTING THE EVIDENCE TOGETHER

The unsung hero of the double helix who recruited Franklin

A

John Randall

31
Q

SEMICONSERVATIVE DNA REPLICATION

They provided the experimental proof of semiconservative replication by inventing “density gradient centrifugation” – which uses centrifugal force to separate molecules based on densities.

A

Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl

32
Q

In 1958, he enunciated the concept of “Central Dogma of Molecular Biology” based on their findings of DNA structure

A

Francis Crick

33
Q

T/F: The protein synthesis process is reversible back to DNA or RNA

A

F; irreversible

34
Q

NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF MOLBIO

He utilized fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, as model organisms to study the interaction and hereditary process between the gene and the chromosomes.

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

35
Q

NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF MOLBIO

The first person to link the inheritance of a specific trait with a particular chromosome (Chromosome theory).

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

36
Q

NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF MOLBIO

He studied the hereditary characteristics of fruit flies, and in 1927, discovered that the number of genetic mutations observed in fruit flies increased when exposed to x-rays.

A

Hermann J. Muller

37
Q

NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Her maize breeding experiments provided the first detailed description of transposable elements (transposons). These mobile elements are referred to as “jumping genes”.

A

Barbara McClintock

38
Q

NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Transfer one genetic material to another

A

Transposons / Transposable Elements

39
Q

NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

He isolated and discovered DNA polymerase I and showed that life can be made in test tube.

A

Arthur Kornberg

40
Q

NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

They shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine – ______ for enzymatic synthesis of DNA and ______ for enzymatic synthesis or RNA.

A

Arthur Kornberg
Severo Ochoa

41
Q

NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

They hypothesized the existence of an intermediary between DNA and its protein products called messenger RNA.

A

Francois Jacob, Andrew Lwoff & Jacques Monod

42
Q

NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

They also discovered bacterial operons which are protein-binding regulatory sequences.

A

Francois Jacob, Andrew Lwoff & Jacques Monod

43
Q

NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The group of scientists who first unlocked the genetic code in 1963 and 1966.

A

Marshall Nirenberg, Har Gobind Khorana, Philip Leder & Heinrich Matthaei

44
Q

NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

He finished and has trained organic chemistry as profession but his interests in living things led him to discover the transfer RNA.

A

Robert Holley

45
Q

NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Restriction endonucleases technology in 1969, 1970

A

Matthew Meselson, Werner Asber, Daniel Nathans & Hamilton Smith

46
Q

NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

They developed Recombinant DNA technology and pioneered research on gene manipulations

A

Paul Berg, Stanley Cohen, Herbert Boyer

47
Q

NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

● First to pioneer DNA sequencing
● Utilized to detect mutations in the genetic sequencing
● Using dideoxynucleotide forms; chain termination sequencing technique

A

Frederick Sanger

48
Q

NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Discovery of reverse transcriptase enzyme and study tumor virus activity

A

David Baltimore, Renato Dulbeco & Howard
Temin

49
Q

NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Phylogenetic taxonomy of 16s rRNA resulting to the “tree of life”. He discovered the third domain of life, the archae.

A

Carl Woese

50
Q

NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

In 1977, the ________ DNA sequencing was introduced. In 1978, ______ proposes existence of introns and exons; and in 1986, he proposes the RNA world as the origins of life.

A

Maxam- Gilbert (Walter Gilbert & Allan Maxam)
Walter Gilbert

51
Q

NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

1981: Nucleic acid-protein complexes

A

Aaron Klug

52
Q

NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

1986: RNA as enzymes (Ribozymes)

A

Thomas Cech Sidney Altman

53
Q

NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

1989: spearheaded the Human Genome Project – a 13-year international effort to discover the 20,000 to 25,000 human genes and uncover the sequence of the 3 billion DNA subunits contained in human chromosomes

A

James Watson

54
Q

NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

1989: Knockout mice technique

A

Mario Capecchi
Martin Evans
Oliver Smithies

55
Q

NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

1993: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

Kary Mullis

56
Q

NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

1996: Cloning of “Dolly” the sheep by nuclear transfer from cultured cell line

A

Keith Campbell
Ian Wilmut

57
Q

NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

1998: RNA interference (RNAi)

A

Craig Mello
Andrew Fire

58
Q

NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

2000: Crystal structure of the ribosome

A

Thomas Steitz

59
Q

NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

2011: CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing mechanism

A

Emmanuelle Charpentier
Jennifer Anne Doudna

60
Q

NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

2011: CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing mechanism

A

Emmanuelle Charpentier
Jennifer Anne Doudna

61
Q

Figured out the structure and building blocks of DNA

A

Phoebus Levene

[MT 6319] Molecular Biology & Diagnostics Lecture (9 decks)

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