[1S] UNIT 1.1 Introduction to Molecular Biology & Diagnostics Flashcards
● Biological activity at the molecular level
● Biology and chemistry
Molecular Biology
T/F: The science of Molecular Biology is very universal
T
● Polymerase chain reaction
● Molecular cloning
● Gel electrophoresis
● Macromolecule blotting and probing
● Microarrays
● Allele-specific oligonucleotide
Molecular Techniques
MACROMOLECULE BLOTTING & PROBING
Southern Blot
● Target molecule
● Sample preparation
● Separation
DNA
DNA extraction enzymatic digestion
Electrophoresis
MACROMOLECULE BLOTTING & PROBING
Northern Blot
● Target molecule
● Sample preparation
● Separation
RNA
RNA isolation
Electrophoresis
MACROMOLECULE BLOTTING & PROBING
Western Blot
● Target molecule
● Sample preparation
● Separation
Protein
Protein extraction
Electrophoresis
MACROMOLECULE BLOTTING & PROBING
Southern Blot
● Membrane material
● Probe
● Probe label
● Detection methods
● Nylon
● Nucleic acid probe with sequence homologous to target
● Radiolabel, enzyme
● X-ray, film, chemiluminescence
MACROMOLECULE BLOTTING & PROBING
Northern Blot
● Membrane material
● Probe
● Probe label
● Detection methods
● Nylon
● RNA, DNA, or oligodeoxynucleotide
● Radiolabel, enzyme
● X-ray, film, chemiluminescence
STAGES OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS DESCRIPTIONS
Diagnostic tests to complement traditional risk factors
Risk Assessment
STAGES OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
Implement wellness programs proactively
Risk Assessment
STAGES OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS DESCRIPTION
Use for definitive diagnosis and general typing
Diagnosis
STAGES OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS DESCRIPTION
Applied to high-rish patient to identify disease early
Screening
STAGES OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
Nip disease in the bud with early treatment
Screening
STAGES OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
Refer to the appropriate specialist
Diagnosis
STAGES OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS DESCRIPTION
Access severity and/or risk of recurrence
Inform adjuvant therapy decision
Staging and Prognosis
STAGES OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
Determine whether treatment is necessary
Staging and Prognosis
STAGES OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS DESCRIPTION
Used to predict efficacy or safety response to specific treatments
Therapy Selection
STAGES OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
Do not waste unproductive therapy
Therapy Selection
STAGES OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
Control disease progression with changes in treatment
Monitoring
4 Molecular Diagnostics
Diagnostic - better/faster
Prognostic - more powerful
Predictive - preventive
Therapeutic - more personalized
STAGES OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS DESCRIPTION
Recurrence monitoring
Monitoring for treatment efficacy
Monitoring
4 Applications for Molecular Biology
● Molecular Genetics
● Infectious Disease
● Molecular Oncology
● Theragnostics
MOLECULAR GENETICS
susceptibility test usually aiming at a low risk population
Genetic Screening
MOLECULAR GENETICS
analysis of DNA or biomarkers for the evaluation of one or more genetic risk factors for a particular disease or disease group.
Genetic Testing
These are pathogens commonly identified using ______
● Respiratory viruses - COVID
● Herpesviruses
● Clostridium difficile
● Staphylococcus aureus
● Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)
● Streptococcus pyogenes
● Streptococcus agalactiae
● Bordetella pertussis
Nucleotide Acid Amplification Test (NAATS)
What kind of infections are the ff
● Neisseria gonorrhoeae
● Chlamydia trachomatis
● Trichomonas vaginalis
● Mycoplasma genitalium
Sexually transmitted infections
Challenges of Molecular Biology & Diagnostics
● Physical Facility / Laboratory Set-up
● Cost
● Education & Training
● Ethical, Legal and Social implications
● Quality Assurance
● Assay Development
application of genomic technology to new drug discovery and development
THERAGNOSTICS: Pharmacogenomics
● inherited changes in phenotype (appearance) or gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence.
● these changes may remain through cell divisions for the remainder of the cell’s life and may also last for multiple generations.
Epigenetics
CHALLENGES
● Informed consent
● Genetic Counselling
● Confidentiality
● Genetic exclusion
Ethical, Legal, Social Implications
● Known genetic sequence variation
● Specific assay: primer design
Assay Development
