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Neuroscience IV > 2nd week 1 > Flashcards

2nd week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Resting membrane potential:

A

Voltage difference across the membrane of a neuron when it is at rest (non-signalling)

Intracellular -70 mVs, (compared to extracellular 0mV)

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2
Q

Concentration gradient:

A

Positive or negative ions is higher/lower in one area than another.

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3
Q

Depolarisation:

A

A change in a neurons membrane potential that makes it more positive (less negative).

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4
Q

Hyperpolarization:

A

A change in a neurons membrane potential that makes it more negative. It is the opposite of depolarization.

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5
Q

Ionotropic receptors:

A

Transmembrane proteins that form a channel allowing ions to travel in/out of a cell.

These channels are opened when the receptor binds a ligand, like a neurotransmitter.

Glutamate receptors and GABA A receptors are examples of ionotropic receptors.

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6
Q

Voltage-gated ion channels:

A

Transmembrane proteins that form ion channels whose opening and closing is regulated by the membrane potential near the channel.

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7
Q

What types of electric activity:

hints

  1. up to 700-600volts (one 120mV)
  2. -70 mV (-80 to -60mV) present in most neurons
  3. 1 - 40 mV small variable changes
  4. 100 mv, fast, all or nothing
A

Large voltages generated by animals

(electric eels or rays: electroplaque)

Negative resting membrane potential

(most neurons)

Postsynaptic potentials

(small variable changes in membrane potential)

Action potentials

(large, fast, all or none fashion)

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8
Q

Explain functioning of an electroplaque

A

An electroplaque has Na/K pump maintaining membrane potential, operates on ATP.

When acetylcholine binds (ionotropic ligand gated) to nicotinic Ach receptor nAchR, sodium (Na+) flows in. depolarisation 120 mV.
Has electroplaques piled up, can create a shock up to 700V (volts)

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9
Q

concentration/electrical grade

draw directions

A
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10
Q

EPSPs are generated by activation of ion channels that let ….. ions into the cell –> …polarise neurons.

IPSPs are generated by activation of ion channels that let …. ions into the cell –> …polarise neurons.

A

EPSPs are generated by activation of ion channels that let positive ions into the cell –> depolarise neurons.

IPSPs are generated by activation of ion channels that let negative ions into the cell –> hyperpolarise neurons.

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11
Q

EPSPs and IPSPs are:

  • graded in amplitude due to the ….. of neurotransmitter and …. the neurotransmitter is in the synaptic cleft
  • additive, but decay in …. as they move around the neuron
A

concentration and length of time the neurotransmitter is in the synaptic cleft

amplitude

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12
Q

describe what happens to Nav and Kv (sodium and potassium gates) in

a) resting Vm
b) upstroke
c) peak
d) downstroke
e) resting Vm

A

Nav and Kv

a) closed, closed
b) open, closed
c) closed inactive, starts open
d) closed inactive, open
e) closed, closed

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13
Q

Electroplaque

Vm rest

PSP

AP

size

recorded from outside the cell

generated by ionotropic ion channel receptors (NT)

generated by voltage-gated ion channels

duration

graded

A
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14
Q

Field potential:

A

Electric potential in the extracellular space around neurons.

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15
Q

Nerve:

A

Nerve: a bundle of axons.

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16
Q

Compound axon potential:

A

Compound axon potential: the sum of the activity in a number of nerve fibers [axons].

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17
Q

Extracellular recording (ER):

(5 types)

A
  • field potentials
  • whole nerve activity
  • multi-unit activity
  • single unit activity
  • multi-electrode arrays (MEAs)
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18
Q

Intracellular recording (IR):

(3 types)

A
  • activity within single cells
  • sharp electrodes
  • patch suction electrodes
19
Q

Single channel recording (SCR):

(2 types)

A
  • recording activity of single ion channels
  • patch clamp-type electrode
20
Q

Extracellular recording (ER)

  • the electrode is xxxside but close to the xxxx
  • the electrodes pick up only xxxx potentials and xxx frequency filtered action potentials
  • it is not possible to record xxx or post-synaptic potentials
A
  • the electrode is outside but close to the neurons
  • the electrodes pick up only field potentials and low frequency filtered action potentials
  • it is not possible to record Vm rest or post-synaptic potentials
21
Q

Example of recording field potential in mouse hippocampus, tri circuit

A

Stimulating electrode in tissue, Schaffer collaterals.

When stimulus given, activates Sch collaterals –> release of NT onto purkinje neurons in the area of CA1.

One electrode records the fEPSP and another sum of many AP of CA1 neurons = somatic population spike.

O’keefe & Nadel (1978); The Scripps Research Institute (2008)

22
Q

Give an example of recording compound AP

A

Whole nerve recording

Frog sciatic nerve

Maximum capacity can be recording, adding voltage over hat won’t change the curve of an AP.

Mark CNS end, place on a dish over stimulating an recording electrodes. Apply olive oil at the ends, ringer in the middle (ions). Silicon grease between containers [conductance all the way through]

Lilley & Robbins (1998)

23
Q

Rattus rattus has been used to separate different axons in the vagus nerve by measuring xxxx of the stimulus and their xxx xxxx.

Dochery et al. 2005

A

Rattus rattus has been used to separate different axons in the vagus nerve by measuring the intensity of the stimulus and their conducting velocity.

24
Q

Multi-unit extracellular recording

  • can de done in vivo?

Give an example

  • rat LGN
A

yes

Electrode in rat brain, lateral geniculate nucleus.

Flash of light

Measures the neuron closest by but a neuron further away. Simultaneously measuring two neurons.

25
Q

Human single-unit recording

This experiment shows that xxxx neurons may exist in human brain.

A

A human (with DBS electrode) gave consent to a single-unit recording.

Was shown pictures of Halle Berny, neuron showed activity. A picture of Michelle Pfeiffer didn’t cause a reaction.

Association neurons

Quiroga et al. 2009

26
Q

Multi-electrode arrays MEA

how many electrodes

Is it inert to cells?

What kind of activity does it pick up?

A

64

yes, it doesn’t bug them. Cells can happily grow on it. non invasive

Extracellular activity [outside the axons]

27
Q

What [divices] are used for intracellular recordings?

A

current clamps

voltage clamps

sharp electrodes

patch clamps electrodes

28
Q

Voltage

A

potential difference between two points

29
Q

Current

A
30
Q

Ciona intestinalis (sea squirt)

recording Oocytes, sharp electrodes, intracellular recording

  1. To record voltage, what clamp is used?
  2. to record current, what clamp is used?
A
  1. sharp electrode current clamp
  2. Sharp electrode voltage clamp

Perezoso, 2007

31
Q

Patch clamp electrode:

  • cell-attached patch recording?
  • whole cell clamp?
  • inside out patch, outside out patch?
  • perforated patch?
A

- cell-attached patch recording:

pipette forms gigasel on the cell membrane, measures single-cell activity.

- whole cell patch:

inside the cell records all ion channels

- inside out patch, outside out patch:

possible to record single ion channel activity

- perforated patch:

using antibiotics to pore wholes

32
Q

What technique can be used to measure intracellular calcium?

Number of action potential is related to the entry of … in the cell.

A

Whole cell patch clamp in current mode.

calcium

33
Q

Can a single ion channel be recorded?

A

Yes, by using patch clamp electrode

[remember pipette, air pressure etc.]

34
Q

yes/no

extracellular recording - humans(in vivo) / non-humans (in vivo) / in vitro (human tissue)

intracellular recording - humans(in vivo) / non-humans (in vivo) / in vitro (human tissue)

Single cell recording - humans(in vivo) / non-humans (in vivo) / in vitro (human tissue)

A

yes (as a part of treatment like DBS) / yes (implanted,anaesthetic) / yes

no / yes (anaesthetic=kept still) / yes

no / yes (anaesthetic=kept still) / yes

35
Q

advantages / disadvantages current clamp?

A

A

Records activity of the cell in ‘physiological conditions’ Detailed and high resolution recordings of voltages

D

Can’t control voltage

36
Q

advantages / disadvantages voltage clamp?

A

A

Can control the voltage
Detailed and high resolution recordings of currents

D

unstable

37
Q

advantages / disadvantages sharp electrode?

A

A

reusable, simple electrode solution

D

High resistance

Can be difficult to make

Some damage to the cell

38
Q

advantages / disadvantages patch electrode?

A

A

Low resistance

Relatively easy to make

Less damage to cell

Dialysis of cell contents

D

Not reusable
Dialysis of cell contents

Complex electrode solution

39
Q

advantages / disadvantages single channel?

A

A

Allows the recording in real time of the functional activity of a single protein
Elucidates drug action at molecular level

D

Complex and lengthy analysis

40
Q

Electrophysiology can record the electrical activity of whole brain xxx, a xxx neuron or a single ion xxx.

A

Electrophysiology can record the electrical activity of whole brain tissue, a single neuron or a single ion channel.

41
Q

Electrophysiology is a dynamic, functional, SI unit-based, real-time, hi-fidelity and high xxx resolution approach.

A

temporal

42
Q

Many electrophysiological approaches can be used in xxxx.

A

vivo

43
Q

Electrophysiology can be used simultaneously or in xxxxx with optical, molecular, biochemical and pharmacological techniques.

A

Electrophysiology can be used simultaneously or in conjunction with optical, molecular, biochemical and pharmacological techniques.

44
Q
A

Neuroscience IV (9 decks)

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