Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience IV > 1st week: 1 > Flashcards

1st week: 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Two types of neuroimaging? Used for?

A

Structural and functional. Structural used for brain anatomy, functional for living, functioning, dynamic brain imaging.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In general, how long does it take to take a functional images? Therefore: … temporal resolution. How detailed are structural imaging techniques? Therefore: … spatial resolution

A

seconds or fraction of a second High temporal resolution Low spatial resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In general, how long does it take to take a structural image? Therefore: … temporal resolution. How detailed are structural imaging techniques? Therefore: … spatial resolution

A

minutes Low temporal resolution. High spatial resolution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Phileas Cage is an example of … studies of brain anatomy/function.

A

Lesional study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
A

Angelo Mosso

Italian physiologist 19th century, tried to weigh brain activity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Wilhelm Röntgen discovered x-ray 1895.

Why is x-ray difficult to use for brain imaging?

A

Lack of contarast inside the scull.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Walter Dandy

Ventriculography (/ pneumoencephalography)?

Discovered 1919, used until when?

Safety?

A

radiography of the ventricles of the brain with the cerebral fluid replaced by air or radiopaque material or labelled with a radionuclide.

Used until 1970s

Risky!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What was the first real time brain measuring tool?

Discovered recorded human EEG by… , year…?

A

EEG

Electroencephalogrphy

Hans Berger (DE)

1924

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Milestones of EEG:

1934

1953

Nowdays often ombined with fMRI, why?

A

1934 Epileptic spikes

1953 different stages of sleep

Combined with fMRI to be able to identify whole networks and brain regions involved.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Godfrey Hounsfield 1967 - first commercial ….?

A

CT - computer tomography

[tomos: slice, section]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

CAT

How does it work?

A

CAT - computer axial tomography

X-ray CT

X-rays from many directions to reconstruct the volume of interest in slices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Active molecule tagged with radioactive tracer. Injected into the body.

What method?

What is emitted from the radioactive substance?

What makes this method expensive?

A

Positron Emission Tomography PET

GAMMA rays.

Needs a cyclotron close by making the radioactive molecules. (Radioactivity lasts only for ~30 sec.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Current best technology for structure imaging?

What is diffusion tension imaging?

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI

DTI type of MRI, looking at microstructural changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Arrived mid 90s

Measures changes every couple of sec.

Used often comparing brain activity in rest / task

A

functional MRI

resting state fMRI / task-based fMRI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Combination of different imaging techniques (like MRI, fMRI and EEG) is called:?

Often includes several … and a few …

(MRI, fMRI)

A

Multimodulling imaging

Often includes several MRI and a few fMRI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What technique?

Spatial resolution: lowest

Temproral resolution: highest

Tolerance needed: 1/3 low

[Practicality: portable

Price: cheap]

Explain

A

EEG

Activity measured on a millisecond scale on the surface of the scalp.

Non-invasive

multiple electrodes

Portable and cheap (hat&gel&computer)

17
Q

What technique?

Spatial resolution: lowest

Temporal resolution: highest

Tolerance needed: 2/3 medium

[Practicality: helmet, helium used for cooling

Price: medium]

Explain

A

MEG - Magnetoencephalography

Measures magnetic fields

Head in a MEG helmet

Low spatial resolution-doesn’t reach to deep brain areas

High temporal, millisecond-level

tolerance, sticking ones head to a massive helmet-like machine, don’t move

18
Q

What technique?

Spatial resolution: 3/4 high

Temporal resolution: 1/4 lowest

Tolerance needed: 3/3 highest

Price: most expensive

Measuring based on what brain function?

Explain

A

PET - Positron Emission Tomography

Measures glucose metabolism

Glucose tagged using radiopharmaceuticals (tolerance highest)

fluorine - 18 (F-18)

fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)

10-20 sec, mid temporal

whole brain mm scan good spatial

19
Q

fNIRS?

Based on what?

Spatial resolution: ?

Temporal resolution: ?

Tolerance needed: ?

[Practicality: works well for…

Price: cheapish]

Explain

A

functional near-infrared spectoscopy

BOLD

Difference between oxy-deoxyhaemoglobin (in colour)

Measures both oxygenation level and blood volume (excess of oxygenated blood after use/brain activity)

Spatial resolution: 2/4 low (surface 5 cm, small amount of sensors)

Temporal resolution: 3/4 high

Tolerance needed: low, suitable for babys

Works well for babies with their thin scull

20
Q

BOLD?

Used in which techniques?
Based on what?

A

Blood

Level

Oxygenation

21
Q

Most used imaging technique.

Based on BOLD

spatial 4/4 highest

temporal 2/4 low

tolerance needed 2/3

A

fMRI - functional magnetic resonance image

Difference between oxy-deoxyhaemoglobin (in colour)

Measures both oxygenation level and blood volume (excess of oxygenated blood after use/brain activity)

Gives very detailed image

every few seconds, low temporal

tolerance needed medium, noisy

22
Q

Give examples of indirect brain imaging

A

Indirect:

fMRI - based on BOLD, magnetic differences between oxy-deoxyhaemoglobin. Oxygenated blood flooding after use.

fNIRS - also based on BOLD colour difference

Direct:

EEG

23
Q

find the pairs:

diamagnetic

deoxyhaemoglobin (Hhb)

strong magnetic field

weak magnetic field

paramagnetic

oxyhaemoglobin (O2HB)

A

strong magnetic field:

deoxyhaemoglobin (Hhb) - paramagnetic

close to nothing magnetic field:

oxyhaemoglobin (O2Hb) - diamagnetic

24
Q

What technique:

1.5 or 3 Tesla [machine]

uses magnetic: ? x earth’s magnetic field

A

fMRI

30 000 (strong enough to lift up a car)

25
Q

To check that someone is MR compatible?
Why is this important?

A

MR - magnetic resonance

Wearing no metal in clothing or body.

Magnetic used in MRI scan is 30 000 stronger than earth’s magnetic field.

26
Q

What is typically tested using fMRI?

A

Comparing different stimuli -> activation in different brain areas.

Based on BOLD.

27
Q

BOLD

Does paramagnetic (magnetic) deoxyhaemoglobin cause the image to get darker or brighter?

Explain

A

Darker.

Brain activity sips first oxygen in from the nearby environment -> lots of deoxyhaemoglobing, more magnetic perturbation -> initial dip (dark picture)

Followed by overflow of diamagnetic oxyhaemoglobin –> less deoxyhaemoglobin than at rest -> less magnetic perturbation than at rest –> bright colour than t rest

28
Q

Put in the right order:

raw data

preprocessing

group-level analysis

single subject analysis

A

raw data

preprocessing

(‘clean up’: remove head movements, breathing, cardiac pulsation etc. increase the signal to noise to ratio)

single subject analysis

(general linear model GLM, fix head size etc to the template, where is the individual brain activity compared to experiment model)

group-level analysis

(compare groups, patients/healthy controls)

Neuroscience IV (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions