2nd Lecture

Question 0

History and Introduction

Answer 0

A) Prevalence
-25 million per year in sport and exercise
-Independent of the size of the athlete, the type of sport, or the level of competition.
B) Prevention Innovations
-Innovations in training, stretching, protective equipment, etc, developed.
-Researches probed the psychological domain.

Question 1

Psychology and Athletic Injuries

Answer 1

A) 2 primary areas of emphasis:

• Psychological predictors of athletic injury
• Psychological effects of athletic injury

Question 2

Relationship of Injury to Psychosocial Factors

Answer 2

A) Life Stress

• Attentional factors
• Personality
• Other moderators

Question 3

Psychosocial Predictors

Answer 3

A) Life Stress
-Significant life stress/injury relationship in football, baseball, softball, basketball, tennis, track, gymnastics, and wrestling.
-Attributed to psychological rigidity and changes in attention.
-Role of coping skills.
B) Attention
-Women’s softball (Bergandi and Witting, 1989) “They examined 17 different sports.”
-Recent work by Williams and Anderson has confirmed this relationship.
C) Personality
-Significant self concept/injury relationship with basketball (Young and Cohen, 1981).
-Physical self perception and football injuries (Janelle et al., 1999)
-Significant relationship between mental toughness and football injuries.

Question 4

Explaining the Stress-Injury Relationship

Answer 4

A) Attentional Disruption
-Reduction of peripheral attention
-Possible introduction of distractors
B) Increased Muscle Tension
-Interference with normal coordination
-Increased probability of muscle injury
C) "Give 110% attitude"
-More risk taking behavior
-(Janelle et al., 1999), (Petrie, 1993)
D) Worthlessness Attitude
-Leads to playing with injuries and leading to worse injuries.

Question 5

Psychological Components of Athletic Injury Stress

Answer 5

A) Psychological stress increases catecholamines and glucocorticoids, which impair the movement of healing immune cells to the site of the injury and interfere with the removal of damaged tissue.
B) Prolonged stress may also decrease the actions of insulin-like growth hormones that are critical during the rebuilding process.
C) Sleep disturbance

Question 6

Psychological Reactions to Athletic Injuries

Answer 6

A) The Grief Reaction Response (Kubler and Ross)
-5 stages: Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance and reorganization.
-The speed and ease at which athlete progress through the stages can vary widely.
B) Identity Loss
-Many athlete’s entire identity surrounds their ability to play sports and play them well.
C) Fear and Anxiety
-Worries surrounding a variety of factors.
D) Loss of Self-Confidence
-Lack of practice time.
-Threat of reinjury.
E) Performance Decrements
-Ability to come back from the injury may not be inline with lofty expectations.

Question 7

The Role of Sport Psychology in the Rehab Process

Answer 7

A) Holistic approach to healing.

-Conside the physical and psychological aspects of the injury.

Question 8

Sport Psychology and Rehab

Answer 8

A) Levleva and Orilick (1991)
-Interviewed injured athletes
-Faster healers tend to use more goal setting, positive self talk, and healing imagery.
B) Wiese, Weiss, and Yukelson (1991)
-Surveys of trainers said that those who healed faster worked with the trainer, maintained a positive attitude, and maintained intrinsic motivation.

Question 9

The Consulting Process

Answer 9

A) Build a rapport with the injured athlete
-be empathetic, provide support, and be realistic
B) Educate the person about the injury and recovery process
C) Teach specific coping skills
-goal setting, self talk, imagery, relaxation
D) Coping with setbacks
E) Foster social support