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Cell Biology BS4102 Term 1 - Undegrad course > 2nd half of term - Mitosis > Flashcards

2nd half of term - Mitosis Flashcards

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1
Q

define diploid

A

most EU organisms with 2 copies of genetic info

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2
Q

what is contained in each human cell, state where from?

A

23 couples of homologus chromosomes (23 from mum, 23 from dad)

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3
Q

what process do cells undergo and what occurs

A

cells undergo cell cycle where they reproduce into two

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4
Q

state the 4 phases of cell cycle

A
  1. G1 phase - Gap 1 phase
  2. S phase - Synthesis (DNA duplication/ synthesis ) phase
  3. G2 phase - Gap 2 phase
  4. M phase - Mitosis phase
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5
Q

what is the collective name for the first 3 phases, G1, S and G2, describe its duration

A
  • interphase
  • variable and generally long
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6
Q

describe what occurs in: G1 phase (4 marks)

A

(it is the prep phase)

  • cell receives signal to divide
  • checks E lvls
  • preps DNA duplication
  • syn of new prots and organelle duplication
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7
Q

describe what occurs in: S phase

A

full DNA duplication of 46 chromosomes

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8
Q

describe what occurs in: G2 phase

A

cells check for correct DNA duplication before proceeding to mitosis (otherwise, it does DNA repair) and there’s condensation of duplicated chromosomes.

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9
Q

describe what occurs in: Mitosis phase

A

condensation of chromatin into mitotic X-shaped chromosomes which are aligned and segregated to opp. poles of the cell. then cytokinesis occurs.

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10
Q

what is a mitotic chromosome

A

X- shaped chromosome

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11
Q

what form of DNA is in the interphase past of cell cycle?

A

chromatin (relaxed DNA form )

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12
Q

what form of dna is in Mitosis - 4th stage of cell cycle?

A

X - shaped mitotic chromosomes

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13
Q

what is X-shaped mitotic chromosomes made of?

A

2 identical sister chromatids joined in the middle by a centromere

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14
Q

define: mitosis

A

phase of cell cycle where mitotic chromosomes are segregated in the daughter cells.

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15
Q

what does each daughter cell receive during mitosis

A

46 sis chromatids

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16
Q

define: net result

A

from one mother cell, two diploid daughter cells are formed (genetically identical to the mother)

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17
Q

which 2 components of the cytoskeleton participate to the mitosis cell division?

A

MTs and actin filaments (so MFs too )

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18
Q

state the 6 stages of mitosis

A

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis.

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19
Q

define homologus chromosome

A

2 copies of chromosomes received from mum and dad

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20
Q

define DNA

A

depository of genetic info nec. to build up cells and direct their activities

21
Q

define ploidy

A

characteristic that tells you how many copies of genetic info each organism has got

22
Q

define chromosome

A

every fragment in which all the DNA inside a cell is divided into.

23
Q

describe how cells reproduce?

what does the mother cell do before creating 2 identical daughter cells?

A

binary form (1 –> 2 cells)

what mother cell does before creating 2 identical daughter cells:

  1. organelle duplication
  2. cytoplasm and size duplication
  3. increase in E (ATP)
  4. DNA duplication
24
Q

what phase in interphase makes it vary, what is the most varied phase?

A

G1 is the most varied phase

25
Q

describe the correlation between the duration of G1 and the speed of reproduction?

A

Short G1 = fast reproduction

Long G1 = slow (not much division)

26
Q

what does flow cytometry do - describe its function (4 marks)

and what is it also known as?

A

Function:

  1. analyses cells one by one
  2. sees how much DNA each cell has got
  3. identifies the cell cycle phase
  4. gives % of cells in each cell cycle phase.

AKA: FACS

27
Q

Define mitotic chromosome

A

DNA in double copy present in all cells during mitosis (X-shape)

28
Q

define chromosome

A

every single chop of DNA found in cell

29
Q

give examples of cells that undergo mitosis (3 marks)

A

cells that undergo:

  1. embryonic development
  2. tissue renewal
  3. and immune cells
30
Q

Describe what occurs during prophase (5marks)

A
  1. immediately after G2
  2. starts when condensed chromosomes appear
  3. appearance: X-shaped
  4. centrosomes duplicate
  5. MTs form btwn 2 centrosomes, centrioles move away to opp sides from eachother.
31
Q

define centromere

A

the region of the chromosome to which the MTs of the spindle attach, via the kinetochore during cell division

32
Q

describe the steps involved in prometaphase

A
  1. nuclear envelope disappears
  2. centrosomes move to opposite sides forming mitotic spindle
  3. MTs connect with each chromosome in centromere
  4. from centrosomes, MTs polymerise until spindle shape forms
  5. MTs attach to themselves to centromere
33
Q

Describe what occurs in metaphase

A
  1. chromosomes fully attached to mitotic spindle are aligned on a metaphase plate
  2. checks that all chromosomes are correctly attached and aligned done by a pull and push mechanism.
34
Q

Describe what occurs during anaphase

A
  1. division of mitotic chromosomes into 2 sis chromatids
  2. sis chromatids are pulled in the opp directions
35
Q

which 2 prots are able to travel along the MTs and deliver the correct signals for the anaphase?

A

kinesins and dyneins

36
Q

describe what occurs during Telophase? (4 marks)

A

End of anaphase

single sis chromatids arrive at poles of spindle

decondensation of chromosomes (sis chromatids) in interphase chromatin

Nuclear envelope reforms after 2 nuclei receive 46 each.

37
Q

describe the correlation between number of cells undergoing mitosis and amount of cell cycle occurring

A

high no. of cells in mitosis = more cell cycle is occurring

38
Q

describe what occurs during the final stage of mitosis (cytokinesis)?

A
  1. final division process
  2. contractile actin ring will squeeze cytoplasm and separate the 2 daughter cells.
39
Q

give the equation for mitotic index

A

Mitotic index = No. mitotic cells / No. Total cells

40
Q

Define cell proliferation, reproduction and multiplication

A

general term for cell multiplication

41
Q

define cell divsion

A

indicates process on one cell dividing into 2

42
Q

define: cell growth

A

indicates the growth in size of a cell but also growth in no.

43
Q

define cell cycle:

A

round of one cell division and stages included

44
Q

define : chromosome

A

each single filament of DNA inside a cell, no matter the stage of the cell cycle

45
Q

define: mitotic chromosomes

A

super condensed stage of chromosomes that appear during mitosis, X-shaped, containing duplicated DNA.

46
Q

define: sis chromatid

A

two halves of mitotic chromosomes identical in sequences, derived from DNA duplication

47
Q

Define: Mitosis

A

specific portion of cell cycle where cells segregate chromosomes

48
Q

Define Meiosis

A

Particular form of mitosis where the DNA of one haploid cell is segregated into 4 haploid cells (gametes).

Cell Biology BS4102 Term 1 - Undegrad course (8 decks)

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