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GEOG > 2ND Exam > Flashcards

2ND Exam Flashcards

1
Q

At the heart of the land hemisphere

maximum efficiency for ocntact with the rest of the world

every part of the europe is close to the sea

navigable waterways

moderate distances

A

Relative location

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2
Q

Moderating effect of the sea

north atlantic drift

A

Northwestern europe

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3
Q

seasonal extremes

A

eastern europe

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4
Q

cool winters and hot, dry summers

A

mediterranean europe

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5
Q

Physiographic regions:

A

Central Plateus
Alpine System
Northwestern uplands
North European lowlands

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6
Q

Gentle rolling hills to deep gorges and valleys

europe’s major coalfields

Black Forest

A

Central Plateaus

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7
Q

Stretches for 800 miles

High, pyramidal peaks and deeply glaciated valleys

Mineral Resources:

Hydroelectric potential:
Switzerland =
Austria =

Agriculture
- Orchards and Vineyards

Tourism

A

Alpine system

Lead, copper, iron

56%
70%

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8
Q

Most ancient rocks in europe - 400 million years

Fjord landscapes

Formidable environment

Forest and Tundra

Agriculture: oats, rye, potatoes, flax

A

Northwestern uplands

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9
Q

European plain extends from france into russia

relatively flat to gently rolling hills

farming and settlement - dependent on soil, landscape, and climate

steppe region - sheep farming

A

North European Lowlands

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10
Q

An area of low land reclaimed from a body of water by building dikes and draining the water

A

Polder landscape

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11
Q

Movement across geographic space

Involves contact of people in two or more places for the purpose of exchanging goods or ideas

What are their principles:

A

Spatial interaction

Principles:
Transferibility
Complimentarity
Intervening opportunity

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12
Q

Two places through an exchange of goods, can specifically satisfy each other’s demands

One area has a surplus of an item demanded by a second area

A

Complimentarity

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13
Q

The ease with which a commodity may be transported or the capacity to move a good at a bearable cost

rivers, mountain passes, road networks

advances in transportation technology

A

Transferibility

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14
Q

The presence of a nearer source of supply or opportunity that acts to diminish the attractiveness of more distant sources and sites

A

intervening oppotunity

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15
Q

Europe

population:
Population density:

A

740 million
260 persons per square mile

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16
Q

Developed in the UK between 1750-1850

Evolved from technical innovations that occured in british industry-steam engine and use of coal

british had huge advantage

proved to be a major catalyst towards increased urbanization

produced a distinct spatial pattern in europe

A

Industrial revolution

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17
Q

3 or 4 live in cities

More than 450 cities and towns with populations over 100,000

World city
Primate city

A

Urbanization

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18
Q

A country’s largest city

Always disproportionately larger than the second largest urban center – more than twice the size

Especially expressive of national culture

A

Primate city

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19
Q

When population urbanizes, avg family size declines

A

Population Implosion

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20
Q

refre to the forces that tend to divide a country
- religious, linguistic, ethnic, or ideological differences

A

Centrifugal forces

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21
Q

Forces tha unite and bind a country togethr
- A strong national culture, shared ideological objectives, and a common faith

A

Centripetal forces

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22
Q

Transfer of power or authority from a central government to a local government

A

Devolution

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23
Q

A venture involving three or more states

Political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation
to promote shared objectives

European supranationalism started with the 1944 Benelux Agreement, an economic union between
Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg

A

supranationalism

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24
Q

an economic union between Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg

A

Benelux Agreement

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25
Q

History of European
Supranationalism:

A

1947 – Marshall Plan

1948 - Organization for European
Economic Cooperation (OEEC)

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26
Q

Primary function of
the OEEC:

A

To accept and
distribute funds
allocated under the
Marshall Plan

Developed by the U.S. to assist the rebuilding of European countries at the end of WW II

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27
Q

European Union
(EU)
Original Members:

Established:
Effective:

Aimed to coordinate policy among the members
in three areas:

A

(12) Belgium, Denmark,
France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK

February 7, 1992
November 1, 1993

  • Economics
  • Defense
  • Justice & Home Affairs
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28
Q

idealistic vision of the human race becoming brothers

A

“Ode to Joy”

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29
Q

Benefits of the EU

A

European Harmony

Legal and Human Rights

Free Trade and Removal of Non- Tariff Barriers

Higher GDPs for member Countries

Free Movement of Labor and Capital

Free Travel across National Boundaries

Reduced price for Mobile Phone Calls

30
Q

Avg. elevation <2,000 feet

Heavily mineralized – iron ore,gold, nickel, copper, etc.

Industrialized cities

A

Ural Mountains

31
Q

Extensive wetlands and lakes

Mostly inhospitable

Stretches 1,116 miles with relief of no more than 1,312 feet

A

West Siberian Plain

32
Q

Uplifted region

Occasional deep
river gorges

Many rivers are frozen
for much of the year.

A

Central Siberian Plateau

33
Q

168,496 mi2

Below 478 feet –
stagnate and lifeless

A

Black Sea

34
Q

World’s Largest Inland Sea

143,244 mi2 (~ Germany)
3,363 feet deep

A

Caspian Sea

35
Q

Deepest lake in the world
5,300 feet

Volume of water equivalent to all five of the Great Lakes

A

Lake Baikal

36
Q

Climate precludes any
agriculture or forestry

13% of Russian Federation

Permafrost = 4,757 feet

A

Tundra

37
Q

Belt of coniferous forest
>1.3 million square miles

A

Taiga

38
Q

Less than 15 inches of rainfall

Wheat Belt

Dry-farming techniques

A

Steppe

39
Q

Less than 7 inches
of rainfall

Shade temperatures
can reach 122o F

A

Desert Plateus and Central Asia

40
Q

Climate Change

A

Positive: longer growing seasons

Negative: melting of
permafrost

Forest Fires

Oil and Gas

Geopolitical
implications

41
Q

Trans-Siberian Railway

A

World’s Longest Railway

5,700 miles

152 hours and 27 minutes to complete

42
Q

caused by a flawed reactor design that
was operated with inadequately trained personnel

A

1986 Nuclear Disaster

43
Q

Dropped 59 feet since 1960

Mo’ynoq now 63 miles from the sea

Aralsk now 50 miles away

Left behind polluted waste on seabed

Winds blow salty grit and toxic chemicals to croplands

A

Aral sea

44
Q

5th largest
producer and 3rd largest
exporter of cotton

A

Uzbekistan

45
Q

1950–1989

Communism challenged
the dominance of
capitalism (the United
States)

Proxy conflicts

A

The Cold War

46
Q

Introduced new policies he believed would save
the USSR

Resigned as leader of the USSR on December 25, 1991

A

Mikhail Gorbachev

47
Q

openness
restructuring

A

Glasnost
Perestroika

48
Q

Introduced by the Russian government in 1992

Independent states that were formally apart of the
Soviet Union

A

The Near Abroad

49
Q

Built over 4,500 years ago

481 feet when completed - 455 feet today

A

Pyramids

50
Q

Dubai, UAE

2,717 Feet

A

Burj Khalifa

51
Q

MENA Popular labels

A

Middle East
Dry World
Arab World
Islamic World

52
Q

Largest continuous sand desert in the world
Covers 250,000 sq mi

Less than 1.2 inches of rain – Hyperarid

Daily maximum temperature ranges from 117o to 124o F.

A

Rub’ al Khali

53
Q

13,671 feet

A

Atlas Mountains

54
Q

14,921 feet

A

Zagros Mountains

55
Q

97% of its water is from desalinization

A

Qatar

56
Q

Hottest place on earth

A

El Azizia, Libya
Record of 136o F in 1922

57
Q

4,184 miles

Rich topsoil can measure up to 70 feet deep

A

Nile River

58
Q

1,740 miles
1,150 miles

A

Euphrates river
Tigris River

59
Q

Relates to language as a cultural feature of this region

Arabic is the dominant language in 16 States of the region.

A

The Arab World

60
Q

Suggests that there is no Islam outside of this
region

A

Islamic World

61
Q

The process by which a concept, practice, or
substance spreads from its point of origin to
new territories

Two types:

A

Spatial Diffusion

relocation
Expansion

62
Q

is a process in which items being diffused are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas & relocate to new areas.

A

Relocation diffusion

63
Q

The spreading of an innovation or idea through a fixed population in such a way that the number of
those adopting grows continuously larger, resulting in an expanded area of dissemination

Two types:

A

Expansion Diffusion

Contagious Expansion
Hierarchical Expansion

64
Q

The distance-controlled spreading of an idea,
innovation, or some other item through a local
population by contact from person to person

Similar to the communication of a contagious
disease

A

Contagious Expansion

65
Q

A form of diffusion in which an idea or
innovation spreads by “trickling down” from
larger to smaller adopting units
When powerful kings, chiefs, and other high
officials, were converted, they propagated the
faith downward through their bureaucracies to
far-flung subjects.

Geographic distance a less important factor.

A

Heirarchical Expansion

66
Q

Islamic two fundamental sources:

Sacred Book
Set of practical guidelines

A

Qu’ran
Sunna

67
Q

Five Pillars of Faith

A

Repeated expressions of faith
Frequent prayer (5 times per day)
Month of daytime fasting (Ramadan)
Alms-giving
Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj)

68
Q

85 feet long

A

Stoning of the devil

69
Q

resist Western forces of
globalization – modernization and
secularization
Most militant movement today

A

Islamism

70
Q

To strive

Personal struggle to attain perfect faith

Struggle to promote justice and the
Islamic social system

A

Jihad

71
Q

fighting or warfare

Form of jihad

Directed toward enemies of Islam

A

Quital

GEOG (4 decks)

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