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Biochemistry 2 > 2nd C / dietary lipid metabolism > Flashcards

2nd C / dietary lipid metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

what are the classifications of the lipids?

A 
• Fatty acids
• Prostaglandins
• Waxes
• Triacylglycerols
• Glycerophospholipids
• Sphingolipids
• Glycosphingolipids
• Steroids (cholesterol,
bile salts and steroid hormones)
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2
Q

what are triglycerides composed of?

A

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

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3
Q

phospholipids have 2 classifications, what are they?

A

glycerophospholipids

sphingolipids

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4
Q

an example of steroid is?

A

cholesterol

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5
Q

true or false?

Phosphoacylglycerols (phosphoglycerides) differs from triacylglycerols by esterification of terminal OH group with phosphoric acid.

A

true

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6
Q

true or false?

Sphingolipids contain glycerol instead of sphingosine

A

false

Sphingolipids contain sphingosine instead of glycerol.

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7
Q

true or false?

Terpenes are organic nonpolar molecules, building blocks of plant hormones, molecules, pigments, sterols.

A

true

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8
Q

what is the simple class of lipids?

A

Fatty Acid’s esterified with glycerol

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9
Q

………………………….. are Fatty acids esterified version containing phosphoric acid and nitrogen (lecithin)

A

phospholipids

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10
Q

……………………… are Fatty acids compounded with CHO, but no N

A

glycolipids

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11
Q

……………………… are Large molecular wt. alcohols found in nature and combined with fatty acids. eg: cholesterol

A

sterols

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12
Q

……………………… are Tetracyclic ring system compounds

A

steroids

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13
Q

………………………… are Special particles made up of droplets of fats surrounded by a single layer of phospholipid molecules.

A

lipoproteins

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14
Q

the majority of dietary lipids are?

A

TAG triglycerides

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15
Q

why do we store fat?

A

Fat is triglyceride. It has three fatty acids attached to glycerol
You can survive, perhaps, for only about one day on stored glycogen. With fat, you can survive for weeks
A kg of fat has about twice the calories as a kg of glycogen. Glycogen is water soluble, requires too much water to store
Most tissues can use fat to make ATP (except RBC and brain)

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16
Q

what are the 2 enzymes used to digest dietary lipids in the stomach?

A

lingual lipase

gastric lipase

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17
Q

true or false?
Cholesterylesters(CEs),phospholipids(PLs), and TAG containing long chain Fatty Acids (FAs) are degraded in the small intestine by the enzymes secreted from pancreas.

A

true

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18
Q

what is the process that occurs in the duodenum?

A

emulsification

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19
Q

Digestive enzymes work on the interface of the …………………….. and the surrounding surface.

A

droplet

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20
Q

which of the following is correct about bile salts?

A. Bile salts are emulsifying reagent. They act as detergent.
B. Bile acids break up globules of fat to smaller particles
C. They are amphipathic derivatives of cholesterol.
D. Bile salts and pancreatic secretion increases the pH of the medium
E. all of the above

A

e

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21
Q

give on example of a common bile acid

A

chalice acid

22
Q

what are the 4 pancreatic enzymes used in the degradation of dietary lipids?

A
  1. Pancreatic Lipase
  2. Colipase
  3. Cholesteryl esterase
  4. Phospholipase A2
23
Q

what does obesity drug do?

A

Obesity drug, Orlistat, inhibits gastric and pancreatic lipases and decrease fat absorption.

24
Q

………………………….. preferentially removes the FAs at carbons 1 and 3.

A

pancreatic lipase

25
Q

………………………. also secreted by the pancreas, binds to the lipase at a ratio of 1:1 and restores its activity in the presence if inhibitory substances like bile salts

A

co-lipase

26
Q

true or false?

some of the dietary cholesterol is in the free form. 30-45% of it in ester form.

A

false

Most dietary cholesterol is in the free form. 10-15% of it in ester form.

27
Q

the activity of the cholesterol esterase is greatly increased on the presence of ……………………………….

A

bile salts

28
Q

what does phospholipase A2 do?

A

removes one FA from carbon two of a PL to form lysophospholipid.

29
Q

……………………………. removes the other FA to form glycerolphosphoryl base.

A

lysophospholipase

30
Q

in short summary, complete the following blanks

  1. Lingual Lipase: Short/medium Chain TAGàFAs
  2. Gastric Lipase: //
  3. Pancreatic Lipase: TAG –> ……………………………..
  4. Colipase: binds to ……………………….. 1:1
  5. Cholesteryl esterase: Cholesterol ester –> ………………………..
  6. Phospholipase A2 : ……………………….. –> Lysophospholipid
A

monoglycerol

pancreatic lipase

cholesterol and FA

phospholipid

31
Q

what are the primary products of lipid digestion?

A

. FAs
• 2-monoacylglycerol
• Cholesteroland
• PL

32
Q

what are the two main hormones that control lipid digestion?

A
  1. cholecystokinin

2. secretin

33
Q

what does the cholecystokinin does?

A

CCK acts on gallbladder to release bile and on pancreas to release digestive enzymes.

34
Q

what does the secretin does?

A

It acts on pancreas to release bicarbonate to neturalize the pH of the medium

35
Q

absorption of lipids by intestinal mucosal cells that are called …………………………….

A

enterocytes

36
Q

which of the following is correct about absorption of lipids by enterocytes?

A. Bile salts are absorbed in the terminal ileum (5% lost in the feces)
B. Cholesterol is highly absorbed
C. Short and Medium Length FA are water soluble so they don’t need assistance to be absorbed.
D. A and C

A

D

37
Q

what happens when the degraded form of the lipids enter the small intestine from the mucous cell?

A

Lipids absorbed by the enterocytes migrates to the endoplasmic reticulum where biosynthesis of complex lipids take place

38
Q

true or false?

Newly synthesized TAGs and cholesteryl esters are very hydrophobic.

A

true

39
Q

what are the uses of TAG?

A

is used by skeletal and cardiac muscle and adipose tissue.

It is degraded to FAs and glycerol by lipoprotein lipase

40
Q

what are the uses of FAs?

A

Derived from hydrolysis of TAG either enter
adjacent muscle cell or adipose tissue
Adipose tissue can also re-esterify Fas to TAG to store them

41
Q

what is albumin?

A

is a protein in the blood serum, it binds fatty acids strongly.

42
Q

When you are fasting, fatty acid in the blood increases. what do we call these fatty acids?

A

Free Fatty Acids

43
Q

when the glycerol is released form TAG, its taken from the blood and phosphorylated by hepatic glycerol kinase to form glycerol-3-phosphate, where do we use it?

A

glycolysis and glyconeogenesis

44
Q

what happens to the rest of the chylomicron components?

A

Cholesteryl esters, phospholipids, apolipoproteins, fat soluble vitamins, and small amount of TAG.
Bind to the receptors on the liver and endocytosed.
Cholesterol and the nitrogenous bases of phospholipids can be recycled in the body.

45
Q

what is the most common lethal genetic disease that causes clogs on the pancreatic ducts?

A

cystic fibrosis

46
Q 
Which of the following enzyme does not contribute lipid digestion?
A. Gastric Lipasse
B. Lingual Lipase
C. Cholesterol Esterase
D. Phospholipse A2
E. Glucokinase
A

e

47
Q

Which of the fllowing protein carries FAs in blood stream?

A.Hemoglobin
B. Myoglobin
C. Albumin
D. Transferrin
E. Ferritin
A

c

48
Q

Which of the following is not component of chlyomicrons?

A. FAs
B. 2-monoacylglycerol 
C. Cholesterol
D. Bile salts
E. Glycerol
A

e

49
Q

Which of the following are not classified under lipid category

  • Prostaglandins
  • Glycogen
  • AcetylCoA
  • Glycerophospholipids
  • Sphingolipids
  • Glycosphingolipids
  • Steroids
  • Short chain fatty acids
A

glycogen

acetyl CoA

50
Q

Triacylglycerols are composed of:

A. a glycerol backbone.
B. three fatty acids.
C. amide linkages between the fatty acids and the glycerol.
D. A and B above.
E. A, B, and C above.
A

D

Biochemistry 2 (7 decks)

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