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BIOCHEM > 2nd ASSESSMENT > Flashcards

2nd ASSESSMENT Flashcards

1
Q

Animal starch

glucose or glycogen ?

A

glycogen

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2
Q

o SIMPLEST SUGAR
o building blocks of carbohydrates
o cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler

A

monosaccha

3-7 Carbon Atom

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3
Q
  • Source: hydrolysis of lactose
  • Synthesized in mammary gland for synthesis of lactose in milk
  • Constituent of glycolipids and glycoprotein
  • Medical: CATARACTS

fructose or galactose ?

A

Galactose

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4
Q

depends on aldehyde (hemiACETAL) or ketone group (hemiKETAL)

acyclic or cylcic

A

acyclic forms

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5
Q

 basis for urine test of glucose

A

Aldose (hemiACETAL)

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6
Q 
	Pyranose
o	with Pyran ring (six-carbon ring)
o	Glucose (99% pyranose)
	Furanose
o	with Furan ring (five-carbon ring)
A

cyclic forms

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7
Q

• constituent of hyaluronic acid

A

o D-glucosamine

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8
Q

• constituent of chondroitin

A

o D-galactosamine (chondrosamine)

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9
Q

 Glucose + glucose
 Source:
• Hydrolysis of starch (amylase)
• Germinating cereals and malt

maltose or lactose ?

A

maltose

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10
Q

• glucose and fructose
• source:
o cane, beet sugar, sorghum, fruits and veges

maltose or sucrose ?

A

sucrose

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11
Q

 source:
• yeasts and fungi
• main sugar of insect

aldose or trehalose

A

trehalose

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12
Q

• In exoskeleton of crustaceans, insects, and mushrooms.

A

chitin

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13
Q

o Keto group in position 2

glucose or fructose ?

A

fructose

glucose: o Aldehyde at position 1

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14
Q

o Same molecular formula, but are different compounds

isomer or optical ?

A

isomer

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15
Q

(asymmetric carbon)
 carbon is attached to four (4) different types of atoms

chiral or achiral ?

A

chiral

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16
Q

(asymmetric carbon)
 carbon is attached to four (4) different types of atoms

chiral or achiral ?

A

achiral

only GLYCINE!

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17
Q

 most oxidized Carbon

anomeric or isomeric ?

A

ANOMERIC CARBON

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18
Q

 mirror images of each other
 example: D- and L- configurations of a sugar

enantiomer or aldehyde ?

A

enantiomer

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19
Q

 Cyclic epimers at C-1 if it’s an aldose
 C-2 if ketose

carbon or anomer?

A

anomers

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20
Q

intermediate in the uronic acid pathway

A

L-gulonate

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21
Q
  • the entire complement of sugars
A

glycome

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22
Q
  • fruits

- polymer of galacturonic acid

A

pectin

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23
Q

 glycoprotein of human erythrocytes

A

glycophorin

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24
Q

o Attach α-amino group to α-carbonyl group of PROTEIN

A

Peptide bond (trans configuration)

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25
Q

 folding of short (3-30) amino acid residues
 Stabilized by excessive hydrogen bonding

PRIMARY or SECONDARY LEVEL OF AA

A

SECONDARY

•Alpha-helix
R -handed spiral
H Bond: Parallel to helix

•Beta-pleated sheets
 H Bond: Perpendicular sheet

26
Q

Secondary helix example: •Keratin, Hemoglobin

alpha or beta ?

A

alpha

27
Q

Secondary helix example: • Amyloid (Alzheimers) Immunoglobulins

A

beta

28
Q

what are the aliphatic nonpolar side chain?

A

GAVIL

Glycine
Alanine
Valine
Isoleucine
Leucine
29
Q

o Only amino acid with an achiral carbon
o Used in purine synthesis and first step of heme synthesis: Glycine + Succinyl CoA  D-ALA
o Major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the SPINAL COR

GAVIL

A

GLYCINE

30
Q

metabolites accumulate in MSUD (Maple Syrup Urine Disease)

A

VIL

VALINE, iSOLEUCINE, LEUCINE

31
Q

o No charge (a weak base)
o Used in the diagnosis of Folic Acid Deficiency
• Increase N-formiminoglutamate (FIGU) Excretion Rate in URINE

Basic “HAL” acceptor

A

Histidine

32
Q

o Precursor of Urea, Creatinine and Nitric Oxide
o Made in the body.

Basic “HAL” acceptor

A

arginine

33
Q

 the 21st amino acid

 An L-α amino acid found in proteins

A

Selenocysteine

34
Q

o a total net charge of Zero

o Predominates pH at Isoelectric pH or Isoelectric Point (AA is uncharged)

A

Zwitterion Molecule

35
Q

essential AA

PVT TIM HALL

A
  • Phenylalanine, Valine, Tryptophan, Threonine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Arginine, Leucine, Lysine
36
Q
  • Conditional essential AA
A

Arginine and Histidine

37
Q

o Largest aromatic
o Precursor for Niacin, Serotonin and Melatonin

AROMATIC HPTT

A

TRYPTOPHAN (W)

38
Q

The only nonpolar imino group

A

proline

-Contributes to fibrous structure of collagen

39
Q
  • Precursor of Homocysteine
  • Transfer of methyl groups as SAM

-SH CM group

A

methionine

40
Q

 Hydrophobic; lipophilic ; Fat-soluble vitamins
Soluble in ESTHER and CHLOROFORM

Lipids or urea ?

A

lipids

41
Q

 Hydrophobic; lipophilic ; Fat-solunle vitamins
Soluble in ESTHER and CHLOROFORM

-o choline nitrogen-containing base

lipid or phospholipid ?

A

phospholipid

42
Q

fatty acids + sphingosine + carbohydrate

lipid or glycolipid ?

A

glycolipid

43
Q

 ALIPHATIC CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

  • esterified in oil/wax
  • unesterified in blood

fatty acid or amino acid

A

fatty acid

even carbon atom “16-20”

44
Q

 More hydrogen atoms, higher is its melting point
 SOFT SOLID at RT

saturated or unsaturated

A

SATURATED (BAD FAT) “palmitic acid”

temperature:

low: zigzag
high: rotate

45
Q

the first member of the SATURATED (BAD FAT)

A

acetic acid

46
Q

 More double bond, lower melting point

saturated or unsated ?

A

unsaturated “elaidic acid”

47
Q

a cis-bond that:
 “bent” 120° at the double bond
 V-shaped

oleidic or arachidonic

A

oleidic acid

48
Q

o 4 double bond bent in U shape

oleidic or arachidonic

A

arachidonic acid

49
Q

o found in margarine “artificial butter”

linoleic acid or trans-linoleic acid ?

A

 Trans-linoleic acid / trans-fatty acid

50
Q

(found in vegetable oil)

linoleic acid or oleic acid

A

linoleic acid “polyunsaturated”

51
Q

causes bronchoconstriction / asthma

leukotrienes or lipoxins ?

A

leukotrienes

52
Q
  • anti-inflammatory for chronic disease, CVD as well as for cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer disease.
A

Omega-3 Fatty Acid

53
Q

o precursor of Steroids

cholesterol or trigly?

A

cholesterol

54
Q
  • Friedrich Meischer (1868)

- Allows transfer of genetic information (stored in nitrogenous base) form one generation to the next.

A

NUCLEIC ACID

55
Q

o Basic Unit of Nucleic Acids
o sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate group

AMINE or NUCLEOTIDE

A

NUCLEOTIDE

56
Q

sugar attaches to the N-9 (purine) of base

SYN OR ANTI?

A

SYN

57
Q

sugar attaches to the N-3 of base

SYN OR ANTI ?

A

ANTI

58
Q

o Are nitrogen-containing heterocycles

A

PURINE (Bicycle) AND PYRIMIDINE (mono)

59
Q

a member of vitamin B-complex

thymine or thiamine

A

thiamine

60
Q
  • isomeric molecules that differ in structural formula but with same chemical formula

Tautomers or Camp

A

Tautomers

61
Q

o primary PO4 acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation, cellular respiration and muscle contraction

A

adp

62
Q
  • primary methyl donor of the body in virtually all known biological methylations
  • Plays an important role in Detoxification
  • Breaks down to Homocysteine
A

S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM)

BIOCHEM (3 decks)

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