2C destination management Flashcards
What does TALC stand for?
Tourism Area Life Cycle
What is along the bottom of the graph (x axis) of the TALC model?
time
What is on the side of the graph (y axis) of the TALC model?
number of tourists
What does the TALC model show?
how the number of tourists visiting a destination changes over time
What is the first stage of the TALC model?
Exploration
What are the key features of Exploration?
small numbers of tourists
unique natural or human features
small scale, low key tourism
Might be known as emerging destination
What is the second stage of the TALC model?
Involvement
What are the key features of involvement?
local population get involved e.g. opening hotels, restaurants or car parks
more tourists visit
Known as emerging destination
What is the third stage of the TALC model?
Development
What are the key features of development?
larger organisations e.g. tour operators get involved
many hotels and other amenities built
lots of job opportunities for locals
drastic rise in tourist numbers
What is the fourth stage of the TALC model?
consolidation
What are the key features of consolidation?
tourism is now a key part of the area
many locals work in tourism (in or directly)
visitor numbers continue to grow steadily (mature destination?)
older amenities becoming dated and untidy
May decrease in popularity
What is the fifth stage of the TALC model?
stagnation
What are the key features of stagnation?
visitor numbers are barely growing (level off)
negative image, or competition from other destinations accounts for lower numbers
business closing, hotels offering discounts or deals to fill beds
problems e.g. overcrowding, erosion or litter etc
(mature destination)
What is the sixth stage of the TALC model?
decline or rejuvenation
What are the key features of decline?
visitor numbers fall drastically
businesses close
many unemployed
People move out of the area
What are the key features of rejuvenation?
Invest in the destination to smarten it up e.g. Magaluf
Other destinations may invest in a new niche market e.g. yoga or alternative e.g. Brighton
What is an emerging destination?
destinations that have grown in popularity (visitor arrivals more than 4% a year), less well known and offer a less ‘convenient’ tourism
What are the key features of emerging destinations?
visitors seek adventure difficult to access from overseas underdeveloped transport links basic infrastructure basic healthcare and education unspoilt natural / cultural features traditional lifestyles want to develop tourism low numbers of visitors not well known
What is a mature destination?
established destinations that have been having tourists for more than 20 years, with low growth rate (2% a year), but has high number of visitors
What are the key features of mature destinations?
mass tourism (over tourism issues) fully integrated transport links fully developed infrastructure strain on resources decline of natural / cultural features established tourist season well known facilities may be run down most of the community will be employed in tourism conflict between tourists and locals
How are local and national governments involved in destination management?
Restrict travel e.g. both outbound and inbound, travel bans, travel restriction orders
security measures e.g. airport security, seaports - use of sniffer dogs, coast guard and border protection
entry requirements e.g. visas
Investment in infrastructure
attracting funding
taxes, rules, legislation
How can governments improve infrastructure?
rail improvements e.g. HS2, new rail lines, trains run on time
Road e.g. new roads, road improvement, effective sign posts
air e.g. often built through public and private investment e.g. terminal 5 at Heathrow (BAA and UK government)
sea e.g. improvement projects at ferry terminals
energy and water supplies e.g. sustainable, reliable power
waste disposal e.g. in Venice has new sewage tunnels
improving access to internet and wifi
How do governments attract funding?
Governments often work with private organisations
key incentive for private companies is the return (or interest) on their investment
Funding could be for transport, events, training or infrastructure
How can governments ensure development is sustainable?
stop zero-hours contracts
encourage well paid jobs, with year round contracts (reduce use of universal tax credits and job seekers allowance)
encourage business initiatives (partnership projects and DMOs)
promote ‘support local’ schemes
reduce negative impacts of tourism e.g. ban street drinking, fines for litter/dog poo on the beach
What is a zero hours contract?
agreement between worker and employer, where the employer is not obliged to provide any minimum hours of work
What are universal tax credits?
extra payments from the government paid to people in lower paid jobs and/or those who have children that may required paid childcare
What is a job seekers allowance?
an unemployment benefit that people can claim when they are looking for work
How can rules by used by the government to manage destinations?
Rules are non-binding e.g. you won’t be fined or put in prison if you break them
Rules are usually about behaviour e.g. the countryside code
What is a partnership?
Where two or more stakeholders work together e.g. public, private and voluntary
What are some advantages of partnerships?
Shared resources, skills, expertise
new ideas
shared costs (cheaper)
increased publicity
What are some disadvantages of partnerships?
lots of stakeholders involved so decision making takes time
slow to respond to change as many stakeholders involved
often have different aims e.g. profit / helping local economy / promoting good causes
less flexibility
What is a DMO?
Destination Management Organisation
generally inbound organisations that promote, manage and help develop tourism in their area
They can be local, regional (1066 country) or national (Visit England)
What do DMOs do?
market and promote tourism of the destination
will include working with different stakeholders
may promote tourism activities, facilities, or events in the local area
Benefits of DMOs
Raising the profile (image) of destination
Launching new products effectively
Marketing widely
Funding and sponsorship - they receive funding but can also fund smaller projects
