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Microbiology Level 5 > 2b) Genetic makeup of bacteria and their classification > Flashcards

2b) Genetic makeup of bacteria and their classification Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

is the subfield of genetics devoted to the study of bacteria.

A

Bacterial genetics

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2
Q

Bacteria serve as a good model for

A

animal genetic studies.

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3
Q

fundamental unit of heredity responsible for a given trait and control only one character.

A

Gene

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4
Q

Each gene codes for (……..) and hence specific function.

A

certain protein

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5
Q

The total genetic information essential for growth and metabolism of the cell is called the …….

A

genome

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6
Q

A cells genome is organized into …..

تنظم جينوم الخلايا في …

A

chromosomes

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7
Q

Most bacteria have a ……

A

single circular chromosome

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8
Q

length of DNA containing genes ……

A

Chromosome

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9
Q

the set of genes carried by an organism represented by the cell …

Hereditable characters^

A

Genotype

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10
Q

(non-hereditable) Biological characters expressed under certain environmental conditions

A

Phenotype

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11
Q

Genes that confer a survival advantage e.g.

A

antibiotic resistance genes

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12
Q

antibiotic resistance genes are contained in

A

plasmids

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13
Q

(small circular DNA that replicates independently).

A

plasmids

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14
Q

Plasmid genes are not essential for the normal functioning of …..❤️

Finish page 1

A

bacterial cells

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15
Q

a single copy, circular, double strand, up to 4,639,2214,377 bp.

A

Chromosome

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16
Q

Extra-chromosomal, small (1000 to over 400000 bp), transmitted between
bacteria.

A

Plasmids

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17
Q

Same as plasmid but can integrate into chromosomal DNA.

A

Episomes

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18
Q

Transposable genetic elements that carry one or more genes (genes for enzyme, virulence , resistance)

A

Transposons (Tn)

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19
Q

Transposable genetic elements that carry no known genes.

A

Insertion Sequences (IS)

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20
Q

Bacterial genetic elements 5 ?

❤️

ممكن مقالي

Finish 2 page

A

Chromosome

Plasmids

Episomes

Transposons (Tn)

Insertion Sequences (IS)

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21
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid

A

DNA

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22
Q

the genetic material of the cell

A

DNA

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23
Q

Structure of DNA = ❤️

Finish page 3
ممكن مقالي

A

1) double-stranded helix
2) composed of repeating units of nucleotides
3) each strand consists of a (sugar-phosphate backbone) attached with (nitrogenous bases) (A, T, C and G);
4) two strands are joined together with complementary base pairs formed between

A-T
and
C-G.

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24
Q

one parental DNA gives rise to two identical copies of (daughter DNAs )……

A

DNA replication

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25
Q

is the key enzyme for DNA replication

A

DNA polymerase

26
Q

it has a high proof-reading capability, to make sure daughter DNAs are highly accurate copy of parental DNA

A

DNA polymerase

27
Q

the synthesis of a complementary strand of RNA from a DNA template.

A

Transcription

28
Q

called messenger RNA, or mRNA

A

RNA

29
Q

carries the coded information for making a protein

A

mRNA

30
Q

is the key enzyme

A

RNA polymerase

31
Q

RNA polymerase it uses ………

RNA polymerase recognizes and binds to a specific site of DNA called

( “promoter” )

A

(a) it uses a portion of DNA as a template

(b) it recognizes and binds to a specific site of DNA called “promoter” to start transcription.

32
Q

protein synthesis (genetic information being translated into a protein molecule).

A

Translation

33
Q

During translation …

A

a ribosome moves along an mRNA molecule

34
Q

molecules are the actual translators

A

tRNA

35
Q

they read the genetic code in mRNA and move in a specific amino acid molecule.

A

tRNA

36
Q

Flow of Genetic Information =

Finish page 4❤️

A

DNA replication

DNA polymerase

Transcription

RNA polymerase

Translation

tRNA

37
Q

Phenotypic Variation

ممكن مقالي اذكر خواص الاختلاف المظهري

A

1) non genetic
2) non hereditable
3) not transmitted from one generation
to the other and
4)is controlled by
environmental conditions.

38
Q

Genotypic Variation

A

1) genetic

2) transmitted from one generation
to another and 
3) is not controlled
by environmental conditions
(permanent).
39
Q

Types of Microbial Variation and example for each other ?

A
  • Phenotypic Variation
    1) Serratia marscenes
    2) Salmonella genotype
  • Genotypic Variation
    1) Transfer of DNA
    2) Mutation
40
Q

Serratia marscenes

produce pigment at …

but no pigment at

A

22 C

37

41
Q

Salmonella genotype

flagella+ loose its flagella ……

flagella- has

A

in phenol

no flagella in presence or absence of phenol

42
Q

Transfer of DNA =

يحصل فيه

A

A- Transformation
B- Transduction
C- Conjugation

43
Q

Mutation

Finish 5 page ❤️❤️

A

A- Induced
B- Spontaneous

Point (substitution)

Frame (deletion or addition)

44
Q

How do bacteria exchange genetic materials to achieve genetic
diversity?

احتمال كبير انه مقالي لانه جاء بسؤاله

A
  1. Genetic recombination

2. Mutations

45
Q

What do Genetic recombination?

A

a. Conjugation
b. Transduction
c. Transformation

46
Q

What do Mutations ?

Finish page 6❤️

A

a. Substitution
b. Insertion
c. Deletion

زي وضع حقين الواسطة

47
Q

exchange of genes between two chromosomes

A

Genetic recombination

48
Q

transfer of DNA from one chromosomal location to another, or from one cell (donor cell) to another cell (recipient cell)

A

Gene transfer

49
Q

transfer of naked DNA molecule

A

Transformation

50
Q

gene transfer through the sex pili

A

Conjugation

51
Q

virus or phage-mediated gene transfer

الفيروس او نقل الجينات بواسطة الملتهمة

Finish page 7❤️

A

Transduction

52
Q

uptake of free DNA from the environment when another bacterial
cell (donor) dies and undergoes lysis (…….)

Example ………

A

Transformation

e.g. Haemophilus, Streptococcus and Neisseria

53
Q

transfer of host genes from one host to another by a virus

A

Transduction

54
Q

transfer of genes from one prokaryotic cell to another by mechanism involving cell-to-cell contact and a plasmid.

Finish page 8

A

Conjugation

55
Q

-Each triplet base in the mRNA is called …

A

codon

56
Q

…Since there are 4 possible bases in the mRNA

‏there are (……) possible codons

A

(ACGU)

4^3

Or

64

57
Q

64-3 = 61

Sixty one of these codons are called

A

sense- codons (code for specific amino acids).

58
Q

64-61 =3

Three of the codons are nonsense codons (UAA, UGA, UAG)

يعني i.e.: they have no complementary anticodons.

A

nonsense codons (UAA, UGA, UAG)

59
Q

The nonsense codons terminate the protein synthesis acting as ……

A

‏ Full stop

60
Q

The specific sequence of codons is called ……

and It is universal in all living beings.

Finish page 10 ❤️

A

genetic code

Microbiology Level 5 (5 decks)

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