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2a.3 Flashcards

1
Q

Similarities of the 3 conferences?

A

-They all failed.

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2
Q

Differences of the 3 conferences?

A
  • the number of delegates had dropped in the third.
    -The second was the most well attended.
    -Congress only goes to second.
    -
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3
Q

Who attended the first round table conference?

who did not

A

Lord Irwin opened the conference and was chaired by Ramsay Mcdonald.

  • 16 delegates from all 3 British political parties.
  • 58 Indian political leaders representing every shade of opinion.
  • 16 representatives from the princely states.

-NO CONGRESS

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4
Q

Who attended the second round table conference?

A

Similar mix of delegates to the first.

  • Due to the Gandhi-Irwin pact, Gandhi was the sole representative of congress.
  • Muslim league represented by Iqbal, Aga Khan, and Muhammad Jinnah.
  • Master Tara Singh represented the Sikhs
  • Dr Ambedkar represented the untouchables.
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5
Q

When was the first round table conference?

A

November 1930

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6
Q

What did they discuss at the second round table conference?

A

-They all demand separate electorates (Muslims vote for Muslims).

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7
Q

What did they discuss at the second round table conference?

A
  • They all demand separate electorates (Muslims vote for Muslims).
  • As they were dominated by these minorities nothing was achieved.
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8
Q

When was the Third Round Table Conference?

A

Held in Nov-Dec 1932

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9
Q

What was discussed at the Third Round Table Conference?

A

They discussed franchise, finance and the role of princely states.

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10
Q

Why did the round table conferences happen?

A

One of the recommendations of the Simon Commission was that a conference of all interested parties should be held in order to discuss possible constitutional reform .

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11
Q

Why did the Round Table Conferences fail?

A
  • The situation in Britain- In Aug 1931, the Labour gov, resigned and were replaced by the Tory coalition Gov. The coalition Gov was facing problems they thought were more pressing than India.

-New individuals- The new secretary go State for India, Sir Samuel Hoare (Adapt the National Gov) has more reservations about self-governance for India than his predecessor.
These reservations were shared by many tories eg Churchill who set up the Indian defence league (50mps) who made no secret of the fact that Indians should remain subordinate.

Congress- Not represented at the 1st conference. At the 2nd conference, Gandhi succeeded in Alienating Muslims and other minority groups.

Disagreements between Indian groups- eg over separate electorates.

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12
Q

How did Britain respond to the failure of the ROUND TABLE CONFERENCES.

A

4 Jan 1932- Gandhi was imprisoned.

Congress outlawed.
All members of Congress Working committee were rounded up and imprisoned.

Youth organisations were banned.

Over 80,000 Indians (mostly members of Congress) were imprisoned within 4 months.

The communal Award (16 August ) Sikhs Christians

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13
Q

How did Gandhi respond to the Communal award

A

Boycott of British goods.

Responded to the Communal-Award with fast-unto-death . Therefore blackmailed Britain.

Met with British at Yervada (Poona) late 1932. Here they agreed that in essence, separate electorates would end. However, voting would be for everyone .

Everyone got the option for each electorate but separate seats would still exist.

Gandhi declared hat untouchability should be abandoned by law (took 20 years).

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14
Q

Who was Joseph Rudyard Kipling?

A

He worked as a journalist.

Vice-president of the Indian defence league.
He had an antipathy

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15
Q

Who was Sir Samuel Hoare?

A

Secretary of State. (Link between British Raj and Monarchy).

Suggested that India had not done enough to push for Indian independence since government of India act.

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16
Q

who was Lord Willingdon

A

Governor of Bombay,
Did not like Gandhi, became Viceroy 1931-1936.

Thought that Gandhi’s ideas of independence were ‘dangerous’.

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17
Q

Who was Winston Churchill.

A

Did not accept equalities between races.
Mocked Gandhi
Member of the India defence league.

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18
Q

What were 3 things that were decided at the 1st Round Table conference?

A
  • India would be run as a type of dominion.
  • The dominion would be run as a type of federation that would include the princely states as well as the 11 British provinces.
  • There would be Indian participation at all levels of government.
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19
Q

What was the impact of the princely states representatives?

A
  • They supported the concept of dominion status on the same basis as Canada and Australia which strengthened the case of the labour government.
  • This freed the Labour Party from opposition against the dominion status.
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20
Q

What was the result of the second round table conference?

A

Nothing- they could not agree on a workable constitution.

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21
Q

Who attended the third round table conferences?

A

46 delegates

None from British Labour Party or congress.

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22
Q

What are the three ways that the 3 round table conferences failed?

A
  • The situation in Britain
  • Congress
  • Divisions over separate electorates.
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23
Q

How did the situation in Britain cause the round table conferences to fail?

A
  • In August 1931, the first labour government resigned and Britain was facing a depression, unemployment and the collapse of the economy. So they had more pressing issues.
  • The new Secretary of State for India Sir Samuel Hoare, had more reservations about self-government and India than his predecessor.

-Winston Churchill campaigned around Britain against Congress. He set up the India defence league, with support from 50 MPS.
He outwardly suggested that Indians were totally unsuited to democracy.

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24
Q

How did congress cause the round table conferences to fail?

A
  • Congress was only present at the second conference and Gandhi was the sole representative.
  • Gandhi suggested that he could speak for all Muslims but this alienated groups seeking separate representation, especially the Muslims.
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25
Q

How did divisions over separate electorates cause them to fail?

A
  • Jinnah supported separate electorates as he wanted the muslim voice to be heard in a new India. In this he was supported by other minority groups like untouchables.
  • The British government agreed with the idea of separate electorates.
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26
Q

What stance did Lord Willingdon take after the round table conferences?

(with Gandhi and in general)

A
  • The situation was deteriorating in India and Lord – Willingdon took a hard line.
  • not willing to enter discussions with Gandhi.
  • Only willing to conciliate those who worked with the administration.
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27
Q

How did Lord Willingdon take a tough line with India?

A
  • 4th Jan 1932 Gandhi was imprisoned
  • Congress was outlawed.
  • All members of Congress’s working committee were rounded up and all imprisoned. (80,000 imprisoned)
  • All youth organisations were banned.
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28
Q

What was the Indian reaction to Lord Willingdon’s hard line?

What was a weakness to this?

A
  • British goods were boycotted.
  • Non-payment of taxes
  • although banned more joined youth groups
  • terrorist activity increased.
  • As Gandhi and other members of Congress had been imprisoned opposition was haphazard and disorganise .
  • Authorities kept control of the situation and never lost control of the streets and rural areas for very long.
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29
Q

What did Prime Minister Ramsay McDonald announce?

Why did he announce it?

A
  • 16 August 1932 announced the communal award.

- Ramsay McDonald wanted to show himself as a ‘friend of the people’ in India and resolve issues.

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30
Q

What did the communal award entail?

A
  • It was to be incorporated into the constitution.
  • It designated Sikhs, Untouchables, Angolo-Indians, Muslims and Indian Christians as separate classes.
  • Which as such entitled them to have separate electorates in any Indian constitution.
31
Q

What was Gandhi’s reaction to the Communal Award?

Why did Gandhi react in this way?

A

-He launched a fast-unto-death

  • He saw the communal award as bringing back the stigma of Untouchables.
  • He saw it as a method to weaken congress.
32
Q

Why did the Poona Pact happen?

A
  • Due to Communal Award, Gandhi started fast-unto-death.
  • Lord Willingdon did not want to make Gandhi a martyr and planned to release him when he got to the point of no return and congress did not want to lose their leader.
  • Gandhi’s fast exerted tremendous pressure on hindus and untouchables and leaders met in Bombay.
  • They hammered out a series of proposals that would become the poona pact.
33
Q

What did the Poona Pact agree on?

what did these agreements mean?

A

Communal award outlined that 71 seats on provincial legislatures would be reserved for untouchables, Gandhi and his delegates settled on 148, elected by a system of primary and and secondary.

  • Untouchables would be allocated 18% of central assembly seats, as long as they stood for votes in the general electorate.
  • Hindus and untouchables agreed that a specific set of money should be set aside for education of untouchables.

In essence these agreements meant the abolition of separate electorates.

34
Q

When was the Poona Pact?

A

24th SEP 1932

35
Q

What was the outcome of the Poona Pact?

What was a caveat to the outcome?

A
  • The British Gov accepted the Poona Pact
  • Gandhi ended his fast
  • Untouchability abolition week was celebrated.

-Even though Hindu leaders declared that all Hindus would be equal, it took another 20 years before it became law.

36
Q

Why was the government of India act created?

A

-The round table conferences showed the divergence in long term and short term goals between the different groups so the British felt they had to make the decision.

37
Q

What were key figures who opposed/supported constitutional change for India?
What side were they?

A
  • Rudyard Kipling (against)
  • Winston Churchill (against)
  • Lord Rothermere (against through daily mail)
  • Stanley Baldwin
  • Sir Samuel Hoare.
38
Q

What was Lord Rothermere’s approach to India?

A

-Wrote for the daily mail with headings of ‘if we lose India’
The articles were laced with erroneous facts. Eg Gandhi was a semi educated Hindu and fake photos.

-India was critical to the British economy and to lose this during a period of depression would be bad.

39
Q

What was Stanely Baldwin approach to government of India Act?

A
  • He steered the bill through the commons and stuck with his support for the Irwin declaration.
  • He suggested that the British empire was an organic organisation that had to develop or risk dying.
40
Q

What was Ruyard Kipling’s approach to India?

A

-A staunch imperialist, Vice President of India defence league. Influence on public opinion as he was an author. and his relationship with royalty.

41
Q

What was Sir Samuel Hoare’s approach to the government of India act 1935?

A

-He understood the furore it created but suggested that no other workable alternatives were given.

42
Q

How was the government of India passed?

A

-Fewer than 50 MPs followed Churchill into the no lobby

and the bill became law in August 1935.

43
Q

How many provinces was India divided into? Government of India Act 1935.

Which area was no longer included as a province?

Who was responsible for choosing a governor?

What special responsibilities was the governor given?

What could the governor do for police and violence?

A
  • 11
  • Berar
  • His majesty, the king
  • the protection of the rights of every state.
  • he can use the police at his discretion when.
44
Q

why would Indians oppose the government of India act`?

A
  • The Act was only partially implemented by the time the SWW broke out.
  • A federation of India was proposed but not under the conditions expected
  • They are creating governors who are being chosen directly by the Indian King.
  • Muslims were against the small amount of provinces.
  • Princes have had power taken away from them.
45
Q

How did congress oppose the government of India act 1935?

A
  • Congress objected the Act because they wanted prune swaraj.
  • Congress did not want to support provincial governments which they thought might become muslim dominated.
46
Q

How did the Muslims oppose the government of India act?

A

-The act did not provide enough power to the Muslims. No guarantees were offered for the protection of Muslim rights.

47
Q

What were the 1937 elections?

What was the participation of this event?

What inferences can you make from the results?

A

-Who is going to represent the provinces in the British elected governor.
-No participation would show that congress and Muslim league rejected the government of India act.
However, if they did not join

-The majority of the states went to Congress but the Muslim league had domination of, Assam, North-West provinces and Sind.

48
Q

What were the 1937 elections?

What was the participation of this event?

A

-Who is going to represent the provinces in the British elected governor.

-No participation would show that congress and Muslim league rejected the government of India act.
However, if they did not join they lacked representation.

49
Q

Why was the Muslim league not prepared enough for the 1937 elections?

A
  • The muslim league had no strong leadership up until 1935.

- Jinnah was not able to find enough candidates to contest the reserved muslim seats.

50
Q

Why did some members of congress abuse their positions on provincial councils?

A
  • This is because they had been starved of power for so long.
  • Fiscal policies were drawn up to hurt Muslim landowners, in Bihar Cow Slaughter was banned.
  • Congress flags were hoisted on buildings.
51
Q

How did Jinnah used the poor treatment of Muslims in certain areas to re-launch the Muslim league?

A
  • Jinnah began a series of carefully orchestrated personal appearances, mass rallies and press interviews.
  • Jinnah and his advisors looked to the future and told university students that success depended on the Muslim league, with promise of protection of separate electorates.
52
Q

Why was there division in congress?

A
  • Some ranged behind Gandhi, with the parliamentary power.
  • Some backed Jawaharlal Nehru, hating that British had ultimate power.

-1938 Congress was torn about by presidency as there was notable pressure on Bose to quit. Nehru refused to step in for him and Bose refused to quit.

53
Q

What are the criticisms of the Government of the India Act?

A
  • India was divided into 11 provinces which was a small number for such a large population.
  • Each province would have a governor, who retained power in an emergency and they could exploit this power.
  • The viceroy would be appointed by the British government and would be in control of defence and foreign affairs.
  • A federation of India was proposed but never put into effect.
54
Q

How far do you agree that the government of India 1935 Act was a temporary solution to governing India.

A
  • IT WAS A TEMPORARY SOLUTION:
  • “The princes regarded it as inevitable but did not welcome it”.
  • Lord Zetland was afraid that the tory die hards would cooperate with the princes to prevent the complete implementation of the Act.
  • It only furthered the dyarchy of power.
  • NOT A TEMPORARY SOLUTION: (albeit longer term)
  • The provinces were given control on almost everything, except defence and foreign affairs.
  • Two new states Sindh and Orissa were created.
  • It proposed an all-india federation.

Overall it was a temporary solution as whilst it gave the leaders of the province power, it was not over every aspect.

55
Q

How many soldiers fought for India in the SWW?

A

2.3 million.

56
Q

How many soldiers died in India in military service?

A

89,000

57
Q

What was an example of Indians supporting on the Homefront?

A

-Thousands of women mined coal in Bihar and central India up until childbirth.

58
Q

What was the impact of the Second World War on the Muslim League?

A

-Capitalised on the war and used it as an opportunity, and started the discussions on the creation of separate states.

59
Q

What was the impact of the SWW on Congress?

A

-Understood the fight that Britain had against Fascism, but were not willing to fight unless they were granted purna-swaraj.

60
Q

What was the impact of the SWW on the forward Bloc?

A

-The leader was arrested and went into exile, and they used the prisoners to go to invade in

61
Q

When was the Lahore resolution?

A

March 1940.

62
Q

What was the Lahore resolution?

A

-Meeting to agree a new muslim constitution.

63
Q

Who was involved in the resolution?

A

-Jinnah and the Muslim,

100,000 Muslims.

64
Q

What were proposals of the Lahore Resolution?

A
  • . Those areas of subcontinent where muslims were in the majority should be grouped into separate states.
  • The British had to do all Minorities had to be protected
65
Q

What was the impact on Britain of the Lahore Resolution

A

-Britain may have regretted the choice.

66
Q

What was the impact on Congress of the Lahore Resolution?

A
  • Congress was unhappy as they wanted a united nation and Nehru described Britain as ‘lunatics’.
  • Position in future of India has been weakened.
  • Mini-satyagraha carried out and Gandhi fasted.
67
Q

When was the August Offer?

A
  • May 1940
68
Q

Who was at the August offer?

A

-Lithlingow invited Jinnah to Simla.

69
Q

What was the August offer?

A

Created a deal with the British:

  • Representative Indians would join his executive council.
  • A war advisory council would be established that would include the princes and other interested parties about war discussion.
  • Gov would not adopt any constitution without jinnahs approval.
70
Q

What were the consequences of the August offer for Britain, Muslim League and Congress.

A

-Britain- lost power
Muslim league- ‘Muslim league are at the centre of the decision making’
-

71
Q

What was the INA, who were they?

A

Indian national army, they were an army formed from Indian prisoners from Japan.

72
Q

What is the evidence to support that Bose was a threat?

A
  • He was put under house arrest

- His uprising showed potential.

73
Q

What is the evidence to reject that Bose was a threat?

A

-His threat was greater than what he actually did. (short lived).

India (5 decks)

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