2a.2 Flashcards
What did non-cooperation entail?
Tripla RRR.
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Refuse to purchase imports,
Refuse invitations to social events run by the Raj.
Remove children from government schools.
boycott elections to new legislative assemblies.
Boycott the law courts.
Hand back decorations given by the Raj.
Were the methods of non-cooperation realistic?
Not all- lawyers were unlikely to leave their lucrative practices.
Parents were unlikely to deprive them of education.
Were the methods of non-cooperation realistic?
Not all- lawyers were unlikely to leave their lucrative practices.
Parents were unlikely to deprive them of education.
However, the mass refusal to pay taxes was likely to be effective.
What was the reality of non-cooperation in action?
What were the successes
Gandhi was concerned about the potential violence that could occur similar to that of the protest to the Rowlatt acts.
Successes were
Students boycotted examinations.
Taxes were not paid.
A large amount of qualified voters did not vote.
200 lawyers stopped work.
On a visit to Calcutta in 1921 shops were closed throughout the City.
What were the failures of the 1920-1922 non cooperation campaign?
What were examples of people not following the peaceful campaign.
Millions of Indians were unable to understand the morality or reason behind satyagraha.
Therefore they tried to follow their own agenda and settle own scores.
Violence broke out. For example in Bombay, a hartal that was to coincide with the arrival of the Prince of Wales became 4 days of looting and Rioting, leaving 53 injured and hundreds dead.
The Muslim Molaphs of Molaba performed a Jihad killing wealthy people and British and landlords as well as forcing Hindu peasants to convert to Islam.
Hindus forced Muslims to submerge themselves in water to purify which led to many drownings.
Gandhi was sentenced to 6 years in prison as he was arrested for promoting disaffection.
When did the 1920-1922 peaceful protest campaign come to an end?
How did Gandhi react to this event?
How did Gandhi’s supporters view Gandhi’s action?
Gandhi called the non-cooperation campaign when congress supporters torched a police station in Chauri Chaura a village in Gokrakhpur, burning alive 22 policemen.
Gandhi immediately withdrew to his ashram to fast and meditate and called and end to the noncooperation campaign.
They saw his action as throwing away the progress for an act of violence.
What were the impacts of congress due to Gandhi’s imprisonment?
- Congress became more involved in peasant communities and gained a greater understanding of peasants needs.
- Congress became more ready to exploit local grievances to achieve purna Swaraj.
- Leadership of congress passed to moderatres like Nehru who wanted to make the most of gov of india act. They encouraged members to stand for local elections in the raj.
- His imprisonment increased the popularity of congress as many middle-class Indians who felt alienated by Gandhi’s non-cooperation rejoined.
- As the threat of Gandhi was less as he was imprisoned the Raj returned to their traditional of policy of keeping control in India whilst making concessions.
When was Gandhi sent to prison and when was he released from prison?
Sent to Prison in 1922
Released from prison in 1924.
How did congress and Gandhi’s approach change after Gandhi was released from prison?
-Congress wanted to increase their appeal and Gandhi put forward a back to basics campaign.
- What was Gandhi’s initial attitude towards the RAJ?
2. What made Gandhi change his mind about the RAJ?
1.When Gandhi left South Africa in 1914 he was not vehemently against the Raj and many of his speeches in 1915 supported the British.
- 3 main events:
- The Rowlatt Acts, which aimed at continually repressive war time measures.
- Amaritsar massacre 1919
- Turkey had to pay huge indemnity which showed white britons had little care about islamic countries.
What were the external factors that allowed Gandhi to emerge as the leader of congress?
- There was no all Indian political group that could oppose him.
- Gokhale died in 1915
- Annie besant was seen as a woman of no consequence
- Tilak died in 1920
-Wide geographic support for Gandhi due to local disputes he had been involved in
How did Gandhi initiate his non-cooperation campaign?
What was Gandhis aim
In 1920 congress had its 25th Annual meeting in Nagpur.
Gandhi used his persuasion to bind together Hindus. and Muslims.
He persuaded the delegates to vote for his policy of non-cooperation. They did so by a majority of two votes to one.
His aim was to make the Raj ungovernable so they had to eventually submit to purna swaraj.
What was a way that congress became more committed in satyagraha?
They became more understanding of peasants needs.
Jawaharlal Nehru, in the summer of 1920, decided to travel extensively in Awadh, he found miserable poverty but he suggested that change was in the air.
What was the major incident that happened after the Attack on the police station?
Time after, Gandhi was arrested and charged with promoting disaffection to the legal establishment.
How did congress change after the non-cooperation campaign in 1922.
Congress tried to regroup.
In what two ways was the appeal of congress extended?
Membership.
Organisation.
How did the extent of membership change due to the extending the appeal of congress?
How did congress achieve this increased support?
- Membership grew from 100,000 at the start of the non-cooperation campaign to 2,000,000 in 1921.
- A large Muslims left as they Gandhi as unable to help on the break up of the Ottoman Empire during WW1.
- It extended the appeal to a wider spread of geographic
- Wooing the interest groups that had been hitherto neglected like the richer peasantry and the commercial castes.
1How was the organisation of congress changed to extend the appeal of congress?
2What was more emphasis put on?
3What did Gandhi specifically do on his release from prison?
1When Gandhi emerged as leader of congress in 1920 the party consisted of three levels: local branches, provincial branches and an All-indian Congress committee (AICC).
2This organisation was revitalised in 1920 by Gandhi and the number in the All Indian Congress committee increased from 161 to 350 and seats were allocated on a population basis.
More emphasis was put on recruiting women and from hitherto untapped groups like trade unions.
3-When he was released from prison he set up a branch under the (AICC) called the (CWC) the Congress Working Committee to formulate policy. This mirrored what a cabinet would be to a government.
What was Gandhi’s attitude towards campaigning when he was released from prison in 1924?
He went ‘back to basics’
What did Gandhi’s back to basics campaign entail?
Why did he take this approach?
- in 1924 Gandhi şet up the All-India Spinners association, with the intention of spinning the wheel and promoting self-sufficiency.
- Gandhi believed if India returned to the simple way of the past, it would dismantle the organisation and structure of society.
What were the campaigns like under the ‘back to basics’ programme?
Gandhi persuaded congress to embark on mass literacy testing and sanitation of villages.
How did the ‘back to basics’ campaign end up?
It was unsuccessful due to the ‘young hooligans’ and the ‘Simon Commission’.
Who were the three Young Hooligans?
-BNN
- Subhas Bose
- Jayaprakash Narayan
- Jawaharlal Nehru
What did the young hooligans do and what did they want?
Why were they unique?
- They lobbied the All Indian Congress committee and the congress working committee.
- They wanted immediate action and full independence.
-They were vehemently against dominion status.
Why did Gandhi label them Young Hooligans?
Because they were socialists which meant they were anti-imperialist.
