2a. Global migration is influenced by a multitude of interrelated factors Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the increased complexity of global migration linked to?

A

Linked to the intensification of the globalisation process

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2
Q

What has globalisation led to?

A

Strong bilateral corridors and traditional migration partnerships
+ new places of origin and destinations

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3
Q

Example of inter-regional flows due to changing economic trends x2:

A
  • Migration of highly-skilled workers from China, India and Brazil to the US, including graduates in science maths and technology who are attracted by high salaries and quality of life
  • Migration of workers from India, Bangladesh, Pakistan to oil-producing Gulf states and Saudi Arabia – attracted by increased demand for labour, relatively high wages, accommodation and improved transport and communications
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4
Q

Example of intra-regional flows due to changing economic trends x3:

A
  • Rapid increase of international migrant stock among ASEAN member states (6.5 million in 2013): main destinations are those with high economic-socio development such as Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand, and main sources are Myanmar, Lao PDR, and Cambodia whose migrants are low-skilled and undocumented
    EG 50.8% of migrants to Thailand in 2013 from Myanmar
    EG 42.6% of migrants to Malaysia from Indonesia
    EG 45% of migrants to Singapore from Malaysia
  • Increased migration streams within South America especially to the ‘southern cone’ of Argentina, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay: main drivers are disparities in wages and labour opportunities – regional integration has eased immigration through free movement of labour (Andean Community trading blocs)
  • Return migration within the EU
    EG 93% of Romania’s total migration returned
    EG 63% of Poland’s total migration returned
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5
Q

What is ASEAN?

A

Association of Southeast Asian Nations, is an economic union comprising 10 member states in Southeast Asia, which promotes intergovernmental cooperation and economic growth.

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6
Q

Exampled of an internal flow due to changing economic trends:

A
  • Internal migrant flows within EDCs like India, China, Mexico and Brazil are driven by FDI which has created economic activity near large urban areas
    Rural-urban migration
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7
Q

What is the main driver of international migration of young workers?

A

Economic reasons: greater employment opportunities, higher wages and remittances

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8
Q

In Asia, who is migration dominated by?

A

In 2013, there was male dominance, and the largest age group was 25-39
EG 8% of Asia’s migrant population were males aged 30-34 and just under 8% was males aged 25-29

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9
Q

In Europe, who is migration dominated by?

A

In 2013 there was female dominance, and the largest age group was 65+
EG 8% of Europe’s migrant population was females aged 65+, followed by 6% of males aged 65+

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10
Q

Example of young labour driven migration:

A

Demand for workers in oil-producing countries such as the Middle East, UAE, Qatar and Saudi Arabia
EG Foreign-born residents in UAE have increased from 2.45 million in 2000 to 7.83 million in 2013

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11
Q

Migrant population in Saudi Arabia in 2013:

A

2.85 million born in India
1.09 million born in Bangladesh
0.95 million born in Pakistan
Many low skilled and not educated beyond primary level: only 3.6% of migrants employed in health and 2.6% in education sectors

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12
Q

What % of all migrants in developed countries were female in 2013?

A

52%

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13
Q

What % of all migrants in developing countries were female in 2013?

A

46%

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14
Q

Describe regional migration of women:

A

Regionally in Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, North America and Oceania female international migration exceeded that of men BUT the opposite was the case for Africa and Asia

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15
Q

What are the reasons for the differences in number of female migrants in different areas?

A

Due to regulations governing admission and departure of migrants – many are linked to the status of women in these countries

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16
Q

Why has there been a growth in female migrants? X4

A
  • Status
  • Freedom
  • Independence
  • Increased importance as main income earners
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17
Q

Name a country with a higher proportion of female emigrants and %:

A

Latvia - 60%

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18
Q

What are the main destinations for female migrants and why?

A

UK, USA and Canada as they have less discrimination in the labour market and women’s rights are respected

19
Q

Describe the increase in tertiary-educated women migrating:

A

Between 2000-2010, tertiary educated women migrants increased in OECD countries by 80%
(higher than that of highly-skilled men for African and Latin American countries and India, China and the Philippines)

20
Q

What flow is greater, south-south or south-north + figures?

A

Historically greatest flows form South to North but 2010 onwards South-South flows greatest

21
Q

Describe number of international migrants in the main global corridors

A

EG 36% of global migrant stock in the South-South corridor
EG 35% of global migrant stock in the South-North corridor
EG 23% of global migrant stock in the North-North corridor
EG 6% of global migrant stock in the North-South corridor

22
Q

Give 4 reasons for increased South-South migration:

A
  • Number of fast-growing economies in South increasing employment opportunities
  • Restrictive administrative barriers for migrants from South attempting to enter North
  • Increased awareness of opportunities in the South due to improved communications
  • Too expensive to move to distant rich countries (preventative costs)
  • Labour migration: two-thirds of migrant remittances sent between countries in the South in 2013
  • Increase in refugees fleeing from persecution or conflict eg 2.3 million migrating from Afghanistan to Pakistan
23
Q

Give some figures on South-South migration:

A

As of 2015, South-South flows were equal to all other flows combined
As of 2013 the was 82.3mil migrants in South-South = 36% global migrant stock
As of 2013, 2/3 of migrant remittances were in the south

24
Q

Give an example of two South-South migrations:

A
  • Burkina Faso to Ivory Coast

* Myanmar to Thailand

25
Q

Describe the Burkina Faso to Ivory Coast corridor:

A
  • Burkina Faso is landlocked, low-income country with GDP of US$684 per capita
  • Ivory coast borders BF and is a lower-middle income country is the world’s largest exporter of cocoa with GDP of US$1529 per capita
  • In 2013 there were 560,000 Ivorians living in BF due to escaping conflict BUT 1.46 Burkina Faso’s living in Ivory Coast because:
    1 Employment opportunities and higher wages available in cocoa and coffee plantations
    2 Opportunities for migrant farmers – Ivory Coast has more fertile soils
    3 Shared language, currency and cultural system so eeasy to migrate – due to French colonialism
26
Q

Describe the Myanmar to Thailand migrant corridor:

A
  • Largest ASEAN migrant corridor involving 1.9mil migrants
  • Thailand is southeast Sia’s fastest growing economy whereas many people in Myanmar live below the poverty line
  • Myanmar’s are attracted for economic reasons - Thailand recently introduced a legal daily minimum wage of 300 baht, 10 times that of Myanmar
  • Thailand needs workers to resolve labour shortages in agriculture, fisheries and manufacturing
  • Freer movement between ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) has led to greater flows as well as the geographical proximity of the countries
  • Many are refugees from Myanmar govt. escaping force labour in government development projects
27
Q

How many refugees are there worldwide?

A

According to UNHCR refugee numbers increased from 15.7 million in 2012 to 19.5 million in 2014

28
Q

How many refugees live in the global South?

A

87.2%

29
Q

What is an asylum seeker?

A

A person who seeks entry to another country by claiming to be a refugee

30
Q

How many asylum applications in 2014?

A

1.66 million – Russian Federation, Germany and USA were largest recipients

31
Q

Country with highest ratio of refugees to total population, 2014:

A

Lebanon has 257.08 refugees per 1000 inhabitants

32
Q

When did Syria civil war begin?

A

March 2011

33
Q

How many people forcibly displaced due to Syria conflict?

A

At the end of 2019, 13.2 million people had been forcibly displaced

34
Q

What bordering countries of Syria have received greatest number of refugees?

A

Turkey – 1.9 million

Lebanon – 1.5 million

35
Q

What did Lebanese government introduce in 2015?

A

Lebanon has been so overwhelmed by Syrian refugees that the government imposed the need for an entry visa + Syrians seeking work must be sponsored by a Lebanese individual or company

36
Q

What are the explanations for many refugees globally?

A
  • Effects of conflict: personal safety, loss of homes, access to services, damage to infrastructure
  • Political persecution, discrimination, and violation of human rights
  • Economic hardship such as forced labour
  • Impacts of natural hazards
37
Q

Describe Canada’s migration policy:

A

Canada is a high-income country with a GDP of US$44,843 per capita
HDI of 0.902
GDP growth rate of 2.5%
Pro-immigration to address the skills gap in the labour market eg. IT specialists
• Ranked on a 1200 points-based system
• Young applicants (in 20s) and graduates favoured + requirements for engineers, IT specialists and health care workers
• Canada agreed to the 10,000 Syrian refugees over a 3 year period
(Similar policy to UK and Australia)

38
Q

Describe Pakistan’s migration policy:

A

Pakistan is a lower-middle income country with population of 196 million, 45% under 20
GDP per capita of US$4736 and HDI of 0.537
• Pro-emigration as in 2013, migrant remittances = US$11.5 billion therefore socio-economic
• 7 million Pakistanis working abroad, 96% in Gulf Cooperation Council countries
(Similar policy to Philippines and Nepal)

39
Q

Describe Pakistan specific emigration policy:

A

Pakistan National Emigration Policy drafted by the Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis with the International Labour Organisation

40
Q

What requirements does Pakistan National Emigration Policy include?

A
  • Ratification of ILO and UN conventions regarding protection of human rights
  • Promotion of export of Pakistani manpower abroad
  • Steps to encourage female participation in overseas employment (only 0.12%)
  • Support for social Pakistani diaspora
  • Establishment of institutions to help youth work abroad
  • Enhancement of impact of economic remittances
41
Q

What is bilateral migration + example?

A

The migrant flow between two countries
EG Mexico and US – long standing corridor
EG Sudan and South Sudan – newly emerging corridor
NB Both over 100,000 migants between 2010-2013

42
Q

What are important characteristics of bilateral migration?

A

Number of migrants, their composition, and the directions of flow

43
Q

What reasons are there for the strong bilateral migrant corridors?

A
  • Cost of travel, may be related to closeness
  • Ease of access and communication between two countries
  • Efficiency and cost of sending remittances
  • Employment opportunities and wage differentials
  • Established diaspora communities and networks
  • Effects of conflict and persecution
  • Migration policy
  • Former colonial influence eg shared language