1b. International migration is inked to socio-economic development

Question 1

What organisations recognise migration as a key factor in development?

Answer 1

The UN and the International Organisation for Migration (IOM)

Question 2

An example of an initiative designed to harness the potential of migration for development:

Answer 2

The Joint Migration and Development Initiative, implemented as part of the UN Development Programme post-2015 sustainable development agenda

Question 3

What flows are global migration intrinsically linked to?

Answer 3

Flows of money, ideas and technology

Question 4

How is money transferred worldwide + figures?

Answer 4

Billions of dollars sent worldwide as migrant remittances
EG World Bank estimated remittances totalled US$573 billion in 2019, US$422 billion went to developing countries
EG Remittances can be as high as a third of s countries GDP

Question 5

How have remittances been made easier?

Answer 5

Technology has made sending money easer, more efficient and secure as mobile money transfers have become prevalent

Question 6

Examples of ideas, information and values that can ‘diffuse’ back to place of origin:

Answer 6

Family size, education, and marriage – social remittances

Democracy and other norms of behaviour

Question 7

How is human mobility analysis conducted?

Answer 7

Using ‘big data’ – includes mobile phone records and credit card transactions
In addition to other data collection, such as satellite imagery, crowd sourced data, cartography etc can be used in ‘crisis mapping’ page 520-521

Question 8

Example of technology helping migrants:

Answer 8

The use of smartphones and digital data collection provides numbers of internally displaced persons in Pakistan – many IDPs flee to urban areas over established camps, due to perception of increased economic and social opportunities
The IDP Vulnerability Assessment and Profiling Project has been set up jointly with Pakistan government and 14 humanitarian organisations – most vulnerable can be targeted for assistance

Question 9

How can global migration promote STABILITY?

Answer 9

1 Migrant remittances are a source of foreign exchange which can contribute to economic stability in recipient country

2 Returning migrants have acquired new ideas and values which can contribute to peacebuilding and conflict resolution

3 Youthful migrant workers contribute to a more balanced age structure and population growth in a country with an ageing population

Question 10

How can global migration promote ECONOMIC GROWTH?

Answer 10

1 GDP and tax base of a host nation can be boosted by working migrants

2 Migrants act as consumers so stimulate local economies in a host country, or opening up new markets in demand eg food

3 Migrants can fill skill gaps and labour shortages at local and national scales

4 Migrant remittances can supplement household income, stimulate consumption, and provide funds for local investment and stimulate multiplier effect in host country

Question 11

How can global migration promote DEVELOPMENT?

Answer 11

• Skills and knowledge acquired by returning migrants can benefit countries of origin
• Migrants can create networks which ease flows of skills, financial resources, values and ideas through links to diaspora associations eg professional, social and religious networks
• UN ‘migration and development’ projects between partner countries involve families, local authorities and public and private service providers in effective ‘bottom up’ approaches to development

Question 12

What are examples of areas of potential conflict and injustice being exemplified?

Answer 12

1. Reported human rights violations in detention camps for Myanmar refugees on the Thai-Malaysian border
2. High-tech surveillance at the Bulgaria-Turkey border
3. The refugee camp and Channel Tunnel at Calais – another camp ‘the Jungle’ outside Calais contained over 3000 migrants in 2016

Question 13

Describe the patterns of inequality in migration:

Answer 13

Tend to flow in opposite direction, back to place of migrant origin
Eg talent-based immigration policies of Australia encourage flows og highly skilled migrants from LIDCs and EDCs causing a ‘brain drain’

Question 14

What affects the work of civilian relief organisations?

Answer 14

Government control of information and limited broadband speed – restricts effective management of conflict and injustices

Question 15

How can global migration cause INEQUALITIES?

Answer 15

1. Countries of origin lose a proportion of young and fit labour force: may contribute to downward economic spiral at local, regional, and national scales
2. ‘Brain drain’ – better educated people tend to migrate
3. Demographic selectiveness of international migration causes redistribution of people at reproductive age: decline in crude birth rate in country of origin, and decrease in destination
4. Migrant remittances can increase inequalities between families who receive them ad those who do not

Question 16

How can global migration cause CONFLICTS?

Answer 16

1. Social conflict can develop between host communities and ‘newcomers’ – difficulty integrating due to language barriers etc
2. Concentrated immigrant populations can place pressure on services in host country eg education, health and housing
3. International borders can be areas of conflict for border control authorities, traffickers, and illegal immigrants

Question 17

How can global migration cause INJUSTICE?

Answer 17

1. Migrants are vulnerable to violation of human rights – forced labour, exploitation of women and children, human trafficking
2. Use of detention centres for asylum seekers, as well as prohibition of work and lack of money, food, and sanitation during application
3. Plight of refuges in terms of shelter, food, water, medicines and safety