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A-Level Biology > 2A - Cell Structure and Division > Flashcards

2A - Cell Structure and Division Flashcards

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1
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A
  • single cell organisms
  • don’t have membrane-enclosed internal compartments
  • don’t have a nucleus
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2
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A
  • multi cellular organisms
  • have membranes
  • with a nucleus
  • e.g. animal cells, plant cells, algae and fungi
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3
Q

What organelles do plant cells have that animal cells don’t have?

A
  • cellulose cell wall
  • plasmodesmata
  • vacuole
  • chloroplasts
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4
Q

What is the difference between plant and fungal cells?

A
  • cell walls are made of chitin

- don’t have chloroplasts

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5
Q

What does the cytoplasm do?

A
  • contains enzymes for glycolysis

- contains sugars, salts, amino acids, nucleotides for metabolic reactions

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6
Q

What is the nucleus and what does it do?

A
  • largest organelle surrounded by nuclear envelope
  • pores control exits of substances
  • nucleolus makes ribosomes
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7
Q

What is the mitochondria and what does it do?

A
  • aerobic respiration takes place
  • release ATP from carbohydrates, lipids etc
  • large surface area (double membrane)
  • permeable outer membrane
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8
Q

What are ribosomes and what do they do?

A
  • smallest, most numerous organelles
  • protein synthesis
  • free in cytoplasm
  • can be attached to RER, make exported proteins
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9
Q

What is the endoplasmic recticulum and what does it do?

A
  • series of membrane channels
  • synthesise and transport materials
  • RER transports proteins to Golgi body
  • SER has no ribosomes, processes lipids
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10
Q

What is the Golgi body and what does it do?

A
  • series of flattened membrane vesicles

- transport proteins from RER to cell membrane

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11
Q

What are lysosomes and what do they do?

A
  • membrane bound vesicles formed from RER
  • contain proteins
  • break down unwanted chemicals
  • fuse with vacuole to digest
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12
Q

What is the cytoskeleton and what does it do?

A
  • network of protein fibres

- transport, support and mobility

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13
Q

What does the undulipodium do and what is it?

A
  • long tail used for mobility
  • extension of membrane
  • short (cilia) and long (flagellum)
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14
Q

What are microvilli and what do they do?

A
  • small extensions
  • found in epithelial cells of intestine and kidney
  • increase SA for absorption
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15
Q

What is the cell membrane and what does it do?

A
  • thin, flexible layer
  • separates content from outside environment
  • controls entry and exits of materials
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16
Q

What organelles do prokaryotic cells have?

A
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes (smaller)
  • Nucleoid
  • DNA
  • Plasmid
  • plasma membrane
  • cell wall
  • capsule
  • flagellum
17
Q

What does the capsule do and what is it?

A
  • thick polysaccharide layer outside of cell wall

- sticks cells together

18
Q

How do prokaryotic cells replicate?

A
  • binary fission
19
Q

How do viruses replicate?

A
  • use host cells

- attachment proteins bind to receptor proteins

20
Q

What happens in cell fractionation?

A
  • cut tissue in cold isotonic buffer
  • grind tissue in a blender to open cells
  • filter to remove insoluble tissue
  • centrifuge at low speed
  • centrifuge at medium speed
  • centrifuge at high speed
  • centrifuge at very high speed
21
Q

What is the tissue cut in a cold isotonic buffer?

A
  • cold slows enzyme reactions
  • isotonic prevents osmosis
  • buffer stops pH changes
22
Q

What happens during Gap Phase 1 in mitosis?

A
  • cell grows and new organelles are made
23
Q

What happens during Synthesis in mitosis?

A
  • cell replicates DNA, ready to divide by mitosis
24
Q

What happens during Gap Phase 2 in mitosis?

A
  • cell keeps growing

- proteins needed for cell division are made

25
Q

What happens during Prophase in mitosis?

A
  • chromosomes condense
  • centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell
  • nuclear envelope starts to break down
26
Q

What happens during Metaphase in mitosis?

A
  • chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

- attach to spindle fibres

27
Q

What happens during Anaphase in mitosis?

A
  • centromeres divide, separating sister chromatids
  • spindles contract
  • chromatids reach opposite ends of the spindle
28
Q

What happens during Telophase in mitosis?

A
  • chromatids uncoil
  • nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromosomes
  • cytokinesis (cytoplasm divides)

A-Level Biology (19 decks)

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